The traditional view is that American parties are too fragmented, dispersed, and undisciplined to have much influence over policy determination. This view argues that if one wants to explain the basis for the legislative decisions of members of Congress, United States senators, state legislators, or local policy makers one cannot explain them primarily on the basis of party influence. Even when strong mayors, governors, or presidents dominate the policy process, it is not their party roles so much as their personal appeals, personal bases of electoral support, and personal attractiveness and expertise which is important in explaining their success in getting new laws adopted. In this traditional view parties are not considered as policy leadership structures which can mobilize support to determine or significantly influence, legislative, executive, judicial, and bureaucratic decisions.