revious research suggests there may be combined effects of outdoor air pollution and traffic noise on
noise annoyance, but it is not known how environmental context can moderate these effects. Physical
attributes of the environment can influence relative levels of exposure, while sociocultural contexts can
moderate environmental perceptions. Noise sensitivity is an important factor in appraisal, but previous
research has not linked levels of sensitivity to contextual factors. The objectives of this study were to
understand how a high-volume traffic corridor and pollution hotspot could influence co-exposures to air
pollution and traffic noise and consequent levels of noise annoyance. Data from a community survey
(n¼610) along with modelled estimates of residential traffic noise and nitrogen dioxide exposure were
utilized for the analyses. The effective loudness function for noise annoyance and an ordinal location-scale model showed that varying levels of co-exposure to traffic noise and air pollution along with
odour annoyances in the corridor and a control area had strong effects on the noise annoyance dose
eresponse. The results also indicated that there was a significantly higher level of error in predicting
noise annoyance in the corridor area. There appeared to be neighbourhood-level differences in the effect
of noise sensitivity on noise annoyance. Thefindings have important implications for our understanding
of multiple exposures along with the influence of environmental context on noise annoyance. In
particular, this study demonstrates that research on the effects of traffic noise across large urban areas
may conceal important phenomena occurring at the neighbourhood level