‘‘Daily-life disturbance’’ includes missing planned work, having
a hard time concentrating in class or while working, suffering from
lightheadedness or blurred vision, pain on the wrists or at the back
of the neck, and sleeping disturbance. It is understood that
smartphones have already become a crucial part of the
smartphone user’s life. Smartphone users may experience difficulty
in concentrating on their work because they cannot get their
smartphone off their minds. Further, they spend so much time
using their smartphone that they might already feel pain in their
wrist, at the back of their neck, and in their eyes, head, etc.
‘‘Positive anticipation’’ is described as feeling excited about and
getting rid of stress with smartphone use, and feeling empty
without a smartphone. To most smartphone users, the smartphone