The widely available devices for rapid detection of coagulopathyare TEG 5000 (thromboelastography) analyzer andROTEM (rotational thromboelastometry).Resuscitation in acute traumatic coagulopathyThere has been a marked shift in the practice of traumaresuscitation over the last decade, towards damage controlresuscitation following the changes in our understanding ofacute traumatic coagulopathy. Damage control resuscitationemploys multiple strategies to combat hypothermia, acidosis,hypoperfusion and coagulopathy. Techniques include activerewarming, restricting fluid administration, aggressive earlyblood products administration in an effort to prevent and limitacute traumatic coagulopathy. Various recommendationshave been published in recent times for the management ofcoagulopathy of trauma. Most of them emphasize on assessmentof shock and tissue hypoperfusion, rapid detection andquantification of coagulopathy, and damage control resuscitation.We propose the following steps of damage controlresuscitation for prevention and treatment of acute traumaticcoagulopathy which is the result of experience gained in thelast decade and based on recent evidences. Recommendationswere formulated and graded according to the grading of recommendationsassessment, development and evaluation(GRADE) hierarchy of evidence (summarized in Table 2).Control of bleedingUse of tourniquetTourniquet is to be applied in case of life threatening hemorrhagefrom the extremities in pre surgical settings Tourniquet should be left in place till the surgical control
of bleeding is achieved albeit this time should be reduced to
less than 6 h in order to prevent complications associated with
tourniquet like nerve paralysis and acute limb ischemia.16,17
Surgical control of bleeding
Surgical control of bleeding should be considered in patients
with uncontrolled hemorrhage presenting with haemorrhagic
shock with identified source of bleed (Grade 1B) and the time
for this should be minimized in order to prevent mortality
related to trauma as more than 50% of all trauma patients
with a fatal outcome die within 24 h of injury.16
Local hemostatic agents
Use of local hemostatic agents like collagen, gelatin and cellulose
based products, fibrin and synthetic glues should be
considered along with other surgical methods in patients with
blunt trauma abdomen presenting with parenchymal injuries
and associated uncontrolled hemorrhage (Grade 1B).16,18
Further assessment
Patients presenting with haemorrhagic shock with unidentified
source of bleeding should undergo rapid examination
by Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST)
in order to detect the source of bleeding (Grade 1B).19 FAST
is a rapid study utilized to identify hemorrhage. In FAST
ultrasound technology is used by properly trained individuals
to detect the presence of haemoperitoneum. With
specific equipment and experienced hands, ultrasound has
a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting intraabdominal
fluid comparable to direct peritoneal lavage
(DPL). Thus, ultrasound provides a rapid, noninvasive, accurate,
and inexpensive means of diagnosing haemoperitoneum
that can be repeated frequently. Furthermore,
ultrasound can detect one of the nonhypovolemic reasons
for hypotension: pericardial tamponade. Scans are obtained
of the pericardial sac, hepatorenal fossa, splenorenal fossa
and pelvis or pouch of douglas. Patients who are hemodynamically
stable should be further assessed by use of CT
scans (Grade 1B).16
Shock-hypoperfusion
Serum lactate and base deficit measurements are excellent
predictors to assess the severity of bleeding, resultant shock
and hypoperfusion. Changes in lactate concentrations have
been shown to provide an early and objective evaluation of a
patient’s response to therapy and repeated lactate determinations
have proved to be a reliable prognostic index for
patients with hemorrhagic shock.20 Early return of lactate
levels to normal levels (<2 mmol/l) within 24 h has been
proved to be associated with improved outcomes in terms of
mortality. A significant correlation has been established between
the admission base deficit and transfusion requirements
within the first 24 h and the risk of post-traumatic
organ failure or death.21
Fluid resuscitation to correct shock
Crystalloids should be used to correct shock with a target
mean arterial pressure of not more than 65 mmHg in patients
with no evidence of traumatic brain injury (Grade 1A).
Higher blood pressure targets requiring large volumes offluid may increase hydrostatic pressure, thereby dislodging
the clot, can produce dilution coagulopathy and make the
patient cold which could be detrimental. The incidence of
coagulopathy has been found to increase by 40% in patients
receiving 2 L of fluid to about 70% in patients receiving 4 L of
fluids.22 It is prudent to limit use of fluids to small alliquots
of 250 ml of crystalloids (Ringer Lactate) to keep the radial
pulse palpable (systolic blood pressure > 80 mmHg) and the
patient conscious and oriented. In a patient with traumatic
brain injury (TBI), a higher systolic blood pressure of
100 mmHg is recommended to maintain the cerebral
perfusion pressure. Colloids should be used within its prescribed
limits in patients who are hemodynamically unstable
as the colloid solutions notably starch based
solutions can precipitate coagulopathy and renal failure.
Hypertonic saline may have a role in traumatic brain injury
(TBI).
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