In contrast, the processes of abstraction, idealization, or simplification from (f) to (g) and of generalization in its essential sense from(n) to (o) are open ended in such a broader sense that the result is not predetermined (not necessarily in the narrow sense that there are multiple answers which is what we are using in this book). It also involves formulating the situation by selecting the most promising skill through trials.
Subsequently, the groping through a deduction following from the formulation and a process from (l) to (m) may be repeated. In this case, the richer the repertoire that the student possess, the more ways of formulation they will have and the higher the quality of formulation that will be available. In this stage students require a high ability to integrate what they have learned. In other words, student need the ability to conceive something new and to change their conception if needed.