29. Energy. Viet Nam’s growing population, rising living standards, and overall pace of development are driving increased energy demand, with per capita energy consumption projected to reach 5,400 kilowatt-hours by 2030 from 985 kilowatt-hours in 2010. The share of electricity consumption is 52% from industry, 39% from residential areas, and 8% from agriculture. The large increase in energy demand and requisite infrastructure investment required to satisfy energy needs in an environmentally sustainable manner pose a significant challenge, especially as climate change takes hold. Increased temperatures and reduced dry season rainfall will increase power demand for cooling and pumping. Medium-term government plans to meet these growing needs include a mix of new coal and hydropower projects. Hydropower has GHG emission benefits compared to other energy options, but it has serious implications for competing water uses and for biodiversity. Coal usage, promoted by controlled pricing, will increase GHG emissions and further reduce air quality even with plans to utilize more efficient technology.