GERD is caused by a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter. In healthy patients, the "Angle of His"—the angle at which the esophagus enters the stomach—creates a valve that prevents duodenal bile, enzymes, and stomach acid from traveling back into the esophagus where they can cause burning and inflammation of sensitive esophageal tissue.
Factors that can contribute to GERD:
Hiatal hernia, which increases the likelihood of GERD due to mechanical and motility factors.[12][13]
Obesity: increasing body mass index is associated with more severe GERD.[14] In a large series of 2,000 patients with symptomatic reflux disease, it has been shown that 13% of changes in esophageal acid exposure is attributable to changes in body mass index.[15]
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which can be present with increased gastric acidity due to gastrin production.
A high blood calcium level, which can increase gastrin production, leading to increased acidity.
Scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, which can feature esophageal dysmotility.
The use of medicines such as prednisolone.
Visceroptosis or Glénard syndrome, in which the stomach has sunk in the abdomen upsetting the motility and acid secretion of the stomach.
GERD has been linked to a variety of respiratory and laryngeal complaints such as laryngitis, chronic cough, pulmonary fibrosis, earache, and asthma, even when not clinically apparent. These atypical manifestations of GERD are commonly referred to as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD).
Factors that have been linked with GERD, but not conclusively:
GERD is caused by a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter. In healthy patients, the "Angle of His"—the angle at which the esophagus enters the stomach—creates a valve that prevents duodenal bile, enzymes, and stomach acid from traveling back into the esophagus where they can cause burning and inflammation of sensitive esophageal tissue.Factors that can contribute to GERD:Hiatal hernia, which increases the likelihood of GERD due to mechanical and motility factors.[12][13]Obesity: increasing body mass index is associated with more severe GERD.[14] In a large series of 2,000 patients with symptomatic reflux disease, it has been shown that 13% of changes in esophageal acid exposure is attributable to changes in body mass index.[15]Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which can be present with increased gastric acidity due to gastrin production.A high blood calcium level, which can increase gastrin production, leading to increased acidity.Scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, which can feature esophageal dysmotility.The use of medicines such as prednisolone.Visceroptosis or Glénard syndrome, in which the stomach has sunk in the abdomen upsetting the motility and acid secretion of the stomach.GERD has been linked to a variety of respiratory and laryngeal complaints such as laryngitis, chronic cough, pulmonary fibrosis, earache, and asthma, even when not clinically apparent. These atypical manifestations of GERD are commonly referred to as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD).
Factors that have been linked with GERD, but not conclusively:
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