4. Conclusion
This paper provides a framework that can be used to introduce the indirect
method of reconciling net income to cash flow from operations. Through the basic
accounting equation, students can understand the reasoning or logic behind the
steps for using the indirect method that they learn in current textbooks. Above all,
A. Rai / J. of Acc. Ed. 21 (2003) 17–24 23
this framework clearly demonstrates the articulation of the balance sheet, the
income statement, and the statement of cash flow. The framework can be made as
simple or as complex as the instructor desires. Regardless of how an instructor teaches
the indirect method to his or her students, the analytical framework provided in
this paper can be used as complementary material to enhance students’ learning and
remove the mystery surrounding the statement of cash flow. The author has used
this method at two different institutions for both undergraduates and graduates and
has obtained favorable reviews from them in an informal survey.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful for comments provided on an earlier version by Ann Rai, James
Rebele (Editor) and my students at New York University, Florida State University,
and Baruch College. I am solely responsible for errors that remain.