Children were considered to have articulation and
phonology in the normal range if their GFTA-2
standard scores were þ/7 one standard deviation
from the mean. The GFTA-2 has a mean of 100 and
a standard deviation of 15, therefore scores of 85 or
more were considered to be within the normal range
and scores of less than 85 were considered impaired.
It is relevant to note that, unlike many other language
tests, GFTA-2 standard scores are not normally
distributed. Whereas for most tests, 16% of the
normal population would be expected to gain a
standard score less than 85, in the GFTA-2 the
percentage is much smaller. The percentage varies
with chronological age, but for illustrative purposes,
at age 9.6 years (the mean age of participants in this
study), a standard score of 85 is equivalent to a
percentile rank of 2–3. In other words, 2–3% of the
normal population, as opposed to 16%, have a
standard score of less than 85. In younger children
the percentage expected to achieve a standard score
of 85 is obviously greater, therefore at age 5;0 (the
minimum receptive language age equivalent of the
children) 18% score less than 85.
Children were considered to have articulation andphonology in the normal range if their GFTA-2standard scores were þ/7 one standard deviationfrom the mean. The GFTA-2 has a mean of 100 anda standard deviation of 15, therefore scores of 85 ormore were considered to be within the normal rangeand scores of less than 85 were considered impaired.It is relevant to note that, unlike many other languagetests, GFTA-2 standard scores are not normallydistributed. Whereas for most tests, 16% of thenormal population would be expected to gain astandard score less than 85, in the GFTA-2 thepercentage is much smaller. The percentage varieswith chronological age, but for illustrative purposes,at age 9.6 years (the mean age of participants in thisstudy), a standard score of 85 is equivalent to apercentile rank of 2–3. In other words, 2–3% of thenormal population, as opposed to 16%, have astandard score of less than 85. In younger childrenthe percentage expected to achieve a standard scoreof 85 is obviously greater, therefore at age 5;0 (theminimum receptive language age equivalent of thechildren) 18% score less than 85.
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