To measure perceived interpersonal discrimination, we created an indicator variable equal to one if the adolescent responded affirmatively to the following question: “Have you ever felt discriminated against?” In addition, we considered different sources of discrimination based on
subsequent questions posed to adolescents who reported ever feeling discriminated against:
(1) “Have you ever felt discriminated against
by white Americans in general?”; (2) “...by black Americans in general?”;
(3) “...by students?”; (4) “...by teachers?”; and (5) “...by counselors?”