Onset of action of NPH insulin was earlier in R- down versus R+; end of action tended to be earlier in R- horizontal and R- up, but the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, in R- down, end of action occurred later than in the other
studies (Table 1). Duration of action was shorter in R- horizontal and R- up than in R+ (the difference statistically significant only in R- up), whereas it was longer in R- down than in the other studies (Table 1). The GIR required tomaintain euglycemia was lower in R- horizontal and R- up than in R+ (with only the difference in R- up being statistically significant), whereas it was higher in R- down than in the other studies. GIR Cmax was lower in R- horizontal and R- up (again, the difference statistically significant only in R- up), whereas it was higher in R- down than in the other studies. GIR Tmax did not differ among the four studies (Table 1).