oxygen compared to 27 wt.% oxygen for the oils generated with Al
.
Moreover, the calorific value of the bio-oil at 500 °C was 29 MJ/kg
using activated olivine sand while the calorific value of the bio-oil using
Al
2
O
was 23 MJ/kg. The utilization of activated olivine sand decreased
the temperature for maximum oil yield while at the same time improved
the oil quality. Probably the presence of iron, magnesium and
other oxides promotes the removal of oxygen, which indicates that
the activation energy of C―O bond breakage is reduced compared to
the C―C bonds, thus promoting dehydration, decarboxylation and
alkalation reactions to produce aliphatic fatty acid from cellulose and
hemicellulose at lower temperatures. The findings from this study
ndicated that about 9 million tons of MSWcrude oil could be produced
for the existing refinery market every year in the UK alone.