schultheisz and karpati (1984) summarise technology improvements relating to water use and waste mini misation in the US up to 1977. the trend is clearly towards the choice of processes which reduce waste quantity and strength, particularly improved blood recovery, dry paunch dumping and regulated water use. Unfortunately, more recent surveys are not available. the emergence of low temperature edible-rendering systems has been especially constrained by the very strong wastewater generated (cooper & Russell,1988).