Also relevant to NGOs is the loose set of approaches which lias emerged since the 1990s as ‘critical management studies’ (Grey and Willmott 2005). Contributions to this tradition arc varied and diverse, but most share a critical stance to the dominance within management of ideas from the New Right and the tyranny of ‘managerialism’ (discussed at the end of this section), an interest in moving beyond a preoccupation with Western management ideas in an era of globalization, and an interest in opening up a set of reflexive methodological alternatives to scientific, positivist management research in management studies. There Is No Alternative (TINA). Ami performatirity refers to the idea of challenging the assumption tliat management relationships and other social relationships are simply concerned with maximizing outputs from inputs, and seeks to bring more in-depth discussions of values, politics and ethics into management debates. Finally, rejlexivity draws on thinking within the social sciences that seeks to understand the role of the observer or the position of researcher in the way ill which knowledge is produced, rather than simply taking accounts of management and organization as objective or fixed.