Members of the genus Bithynia are known from fossil deposits in the Mae Moh Basin, northern Thailand dating back to the Middle Miocene some 13 million years ago [5] and [6]. Today, three Bithynia taxa are recognized from the Mekong area as first intermediate hosts of O. viverrini: Bithynia funiculata from the north of Thailand, B. siamensis goniomphalos from Lao PDR and northeast Thailand to southern Vietnam including the Tonle Sap in Cambodia, and B. s. siamensis from western and central Thailand, south of Mandalay in Myanmar, the Malaccan Peninsula, and south of the distribution of B. s. goniomphalos in Cambodia and southern Vietnam [7], [8] and [9]. Another species, Bithynia pulchella, ranging from India to the north of Thailand has not been associated with O. viverrini [7].
The Lower Mekong River in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot for gastropod mollusks with ca. 111 recognized endemic species [10] and [11]. Davis [10] points out that gastropod species often have abutting or barely disjunct demes probably with little or no gene flow between them.
Members of the genus Bithynia are known from fossil deposits in the Mae Moh Basin, northern Thailand dating back to the Middle Miocene some 13 million years ago [5] and [6]. Today, three Bithynia taxa are recognized from the Mekong area as first intermediate hosts of O. viverrini: Bithynia funiculata from the north of Thailand, B. siamensis goniomphalos from Lao PDR and northeast Thailand to southern Vietnam including the Tonle Sap in Cambodia, and B. s. siamensis from western and central Thailand, south of Mandalay in Myanmar, the Malaccan Peninsula, and south of the distribution of B. s. goniomphalos in Cambodia and southern Vietnam [7], [8] and [9]. Another species, Bithynia pulchella, ranging from India to the north of Thailand has not been associated with O. viverrini [7].
The Lower Mekong River in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot for gastropod mollusks with ca. 111 recognized endemic species [10] and [11]. Davis [10] points out that gastropod species often have abutting or barely disjunct demes probably with little or no gene flow between them.
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