A second strategy, applicable if individual mobility fails or is thwarted by
the existence of impermeable inter-group boundaries, is social creativity.
This involves a redefinition of the ingroup-outgroup comparison in various
ways. These include: referring to other, low-status, groups, or fellow
members of the ingroup for social comparison, rather than the outgroup;
simply reversing the previous evaluative polarity of existing inter-group
comparisons (e.g. "Black is beautiful" in the United States); inventing new,
more favourable dimensions of inter-group comparison (see Drake, 1980;
Kochman, 1981). The last two sub-strategies occur in linguistic form when
individuals flaunt, in a divergent way, their supposedly "debased" or "substandard"
speech forms in inter-group contexts (e.g. in certain classroom
situations).