Later in the century, Leibniz (1671) in Germany and Sir Samuel Morland (1673) in England invented machines that multiplied. Similar attempts were made by a number of others, but most of these machines proved to be slow and impractical. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar, although not familiar with Leibniz's work, transformed a Leibniz type of machine into one which could perform subtractions and divisions.