Proof. Recall that, for all i = 1,...,n − 1, i
n is the number of words of length n which
can be formed from a subset of i letters;
n
i
is the number of ways of choosing i letters
from our alphabet. Hence the product
n
i
i
n counts the words of length n containing at
most i different letters, but each word is counted more than once. Precisely, in the sum
(5), for every integer k, 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1, each word containing exactly k letters is counted
one time for each i-subset containing these k letters. The number of these subsets is
equal to the number of ways in which we can pick i − k letters from the remaining n − k
letters of the alphabet, i.e., it is equal to
n−k
i−k
. Therefore, in (5), each word with exactly
k letters is counted − n−1
i=k (−1)n−i
n−k
i−k
times in total. Hence the claim is proven once
we have shown that
Proof. Recall that, for all i = 1,...,n − 1, in is the number of words of length n whichcan be formed from a subset of i letters; niis the number of ways of choosing i lettersfrom our alphabet. Hence the product niin counts the words of length n containing atmost i different letters, but each word is counted more than once. Precisely, in the sum(5), for every integer k, 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1, each word containing exactly k letters is countedone time for each i-subset containing these k letters. The number of these subsets isequal to the number of ways in which we can pick i − k letters from the remaining n − kletters of the alphabet, i.e., it is equal to n−ki−k. Therefore, in (5), each word with exactlyk letters is counted − n−1i=k (−1)n−in−ki−ktimes in total. Hence the claim is proven oncewe have shown that
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