There are several existing experimental approaches and techniques
providing deeper insights into the processes occurring during the interaction
of cells with the biomaterials. In the past, mainly simple
cell counting, detachment and colorimetric assays were used to analyse
the interaction of cells with different materials [24]. These
methods do not provide the morphological information and do not
allow for a dynamic observation of the cell–surface interaction. In
the recent years, electrochemical methods and high-resolution microscopic
techniques were applied for the assessment of the biocompatibility
of materials [24]. However, the microscopic techniques
such as scanning force microscopy (SFM) [25], scanning electron
microscopy(SEM) [24], total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
(TIRF) or confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) [4]are
either not quantitative, require the labelling of the cells, or have
high illumination power, which could influence the sample. In this
work, we present the coherence-controlled holographic microscopy
(CCHM) as a promising technique which is able to evaluate the biocompatibility
of surfaces while overcoming the limitations of the
mentioned approaches.
CCHM belongs to the techniques that allow for label-free quantitative
phase imaging [26–28]. The imaging in CCHM is based on the
interference of the object and the reference light beams, which enables
to detect the phase delay of light transmitted through the specimen
[29]. When observing the live cells that are considered to be
weakly scattering and absorbing specimens, the phase carries considerably
more information about the specimen than the amplitude
of a transmitted light and is, therefore, of a great significance. Since
the images gained by the CCHM carry a quantitative information
about the imaged cells, valuable morphological parameters (features)
describing the cell behaviour can be obtained from the images. The parameters
are directly related to the cell mass [30–33]and, therefore,
they are crucial for the assessment of biocompatibility of the surfaces.
Moreover, the low illumination power of CCHM (0.2 μW/cm2
) is not
likely to influence the cell behaviour, hence does not affect the results
of the analysis.
In this work, the interaction of normal human dermal fibroblasts
with the CPA plasma polymers is investigated by CCHM. The morphological
cell parameters are obtained from the quantitative phase images
and further analysed in order to evaluate the cell–surface interaction.
For the first time, the time-dependent evaluation of the cell-amine plasma
layer interaction is monitored by the label-free quantitative microscopic
technique.
2. Experimental details
2.1. Preparation of samples
The CPA plasma polymers were prepared in a stainless steel parallel
plate reactor depicted schematically in Fig. 1. The bottom electrode,
420 mm in diameter, was capacitively coupled to a RF generator
There are several existing experimental approaches and techniquesproviding deeper insights into the processes occurring during the interactionof cells with the biomaterials. In the past, mainly simplecell counting, detachment and colorimetric assays were used to analysethe interaction of cells with different materials [24]. Thesemethods do not provide the morphological information and do notallow for a dynamic observation of the cell–surface interaction. Inthe recent years, electrochemical methods and high-resolution microscopictechniques were applied for the assessment of the biocompatibilityof materials [24]. However, the microscopic techniquessuch as scanning force microscopy (SFM) [25], scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM) [24], total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy(TIRF) or confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) [4]areeither not quantitative, require the labelling of the cells, or havehigh illumination power, which could influence the sample. In thiswork, we present the coherence-controlled holographic microscopy(CCHM) as a promising technique which is able to evaluate the biocompatibilityof surfaces while overcoming the limitations of thementioned approaches.CCHM belongs to the techniques that allow for label-free quantitativephase imaging [26–28]. The imaging in CCHM is based on theinterference of the object and the reference light beams, which enablesto detect the phase delay of light transmitted through the specimen[29]. When observing the live cells that are considered to beweakly scattering and absorbing specimens, the phase carries considerablymore information about the specimen than the amplitudeof a transmitted light and is, therefore, of a great significance. Sincethe images gained by the CCHM carry a quantitative informationabout the imaged cells, valuable morphological parameters (features)describing the cell behaviour can be obtained from the images. The parametersare directly related to the cell mass [30–33]and, therefore,they are crucial for the assessment of biocompatibility of the surfaces.Moreover, the low illumination power of CCHM (0.2 μW/cm2) is notlikely to influence the cell behaviour, hence does not affect the resultsof the analysis.In this work, the interaction of normal human dermal fibroblastswith the CPA plasma polymers is investigated by CCHM. The morphologicalcell parameters are obtained from the quantitative phase imagesand further analysed in order to evaluate the cell–surface interaction.For the first time, the time-dependent evaluation of the cell-amine plasmalayer interaction is monitored by the label-free quantitative microscopictechnique.2. Experimental details2.1. Preparation of samplesThe CPA plasma polymers were prepared in a stainless steel parallelplate reactor depicted schematically in Fig. 1. The bottom electrode,420 mm in diameter, was capacitively coupled to a RF generator
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