The influence of dietary fiber on energy regula-tion remains controversial. This review summa-rizes published studies on the effects of dietary fiber on hunger, satiety, energy intake, and body composition in healthy individuals. Under conditions of fixed energy intake, the majority of studies indicate that an increase in either soluble or insoluble fiber intake increases postmeal satiety and decreases subsequent hunger. When energy infake is ad libitum, mean values forpublished studies indicate that consumption of an additional 14 glday fiber for >2 days is associated with a 10% decrease in energy intake and body weight loss of 1.9 kg over 3.8 months. Furthermore, obese individuals may exhibit a greater suppression of energy intake and body weight loss (mean energy intake in all studies was reduced to 82% by higher fiber intake in overweighflobese people versus 94% in lean people; body weight loss was 2.4 kg versus 0.8 kg). These amounts are very similar to the mean changes in energy intake and body weight changes observed when dietary fat content is lowered from 38% to 24% of energy intake in controlled studies of nonobese and obese subjects. The observed changes in energy intake and body weight occur both when the fiber is from naturally high fiber foods and when it is from a fiber supplement. In view of the fact that mean dietary fiber intake in the United States is currently only 15 glday (i.e., approximately half the American Heart Association recommendation of 25-30 glday), efforts to increase dietary fiber in individuals consuming <25 glday may help to decrease the currently high national prevalence of obesity. Introduction The prevalence of overweight and obesity are increasing Ms. Howarth and Drs. Saltzman and Roberts are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 021 11, USA. The work was funded with USDA contract 53-3K06-5-10 and NIH Grant DK46124. Contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US. Department of Agriculture. nationally and worldwide. In the United States, 59% of adult men and women are now considered overweight (body mass index [BMI, kg/m2] 25-29.9) or obese (BMI >30).' Although consumption of a western diet is thought to be one of the causes of this high prevalence of obesity, the precise roles of specific dietary components remain uncertain. This review is the second in a series2 from our laboratory examining the effects of individual dietary components on energy regulation, and expands on previous reviews in this area.
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