Freezing rates (FR) were determined according to Eq. (1), based
on the definition given by the International Institute of
Refrigeration (1986) and the report (Olivera & Salvadori, 2009):
FR ¼ T2 T1
t2 t1
(1)
where T1 is the initial freezing temperature, T2 is the final freezing
point (18 C), and (t2 t1) is the time elapsed between the
beginning and the end of freezing.