EXCHANGE-RATE AND DEMAND RISK
Fluctuations in exchange rates are common and havea significant impact on the profits of any supply chain serving global markets. For example, thedollar fluctuated between a high of 124 yen in 2007 and a low of 81 yen in 2010. A firm thatsells its product in the United States with production in Japan is exposed to the risk of appreciation of the yen. The cost of production is incurred in yen, whereas revenues areobtained in dollars. Thus, an increase in the value of the yen increases the production cost indollars, decreasing the firm’s profits. In the 1980s, many Japanese manufacturers faced thisproblem when the yen appreciated in value because most of their production capacity waslocated in Japan. The appreciation of the yen decreased their revenues (in terms of yen) fromlarge overseas markets, and they saw their profits decline. Most Japanese manufacturersresponded by building production facilities all over the world. The dollar fluctuated between0.63 and 1.15 euros in the six years between 2002 and 2008, dropping to 0.63 euro in July 2008.The drop in the dollar was particularly negative for European automakers such as Daimler,BMW, and Porsche, which export many vehicles to the United States. It was reported that everyone-cent rise in the euro cost BMW and Mercedes roughly $75 million each per year. By June2010, however, the dollar had reached as high as 0.83 euro.Exchange-rate risks may be handled using financial instruments that limit, or hedgeagainst,the loss due to fluctuations. Suitably designed supply chain networks, however, offer theopportunity to take advantage of exchange-rate fluctuations and increase profits. An effective wayto do this is to build some overcapacity into the network and make the capacity flexible so that itcan be used to supply different markets. This flexibility allows the firm to react to exchange-ratefluctuations by altering production flows within the supply chain to maximize profits.Companies must also take into account fluctuations in demand caused by changes in theeconomies of different countries. For example, 2009 was a year in which the economies of theUnited States and Western Europe shrank (real GDP in the United States decreased by2.4percent) while that in China grew by more than 8 percent and in India by about 7 percent.During this period, global companies with presence in China and India and the flexibility todivert resources from shrinking to growing markets did a lot better than those that did not haveeither presence in these markets or the flexibility. As the economies of Brazil, China, and Indiacontinue to grow, global supply chains will have to build more local presence in these countriesalong with the flexibility to serve multiple markets.
อัตราแลกเปลี่ยนและความเสี่ยงFluctuations in exchange rates are common and havea significant impact on the profits of any supply chain serving global markets. For example, thedollar fluctuated between a high of 124 yen in 2007 and a low of 81 yen in 2010. A firm thatsells its product in the United States with production in Japan is exposed to the risk of appreciation of the yen. The cost of production is incurred in yen, whereas revenues areobtained in dollars. Thus, an increase in the value of the yen increases the production cost indollars, decreasing the firm’s profits. In the 1980s, many Japanese manufacturers faced thisproblem when the yen appreciated in value because most of their production capacity waslocated in Japan. The appreciation of the yen decreased their revenues (in terms of yen) fromlarge overseas markets, and they saw their profits decline. Most Japanese manufacturersresponded by building production facilities all over the world. The dollar fluctuated between0.63 and 1.15 euros in the six years between 2002 and 2008, dropping to 0.63 euro in July 2008.The drop in the dollar was particularly negative for European automakers such as Daimler,BMW, and Porsche, which export many vehicles to the United States. It was reported that everyone-cent rise in the euro cost BMW and Mercedes roughly $75 million each per year. By June2010, however, the dollar had reached as high as 0.83 euro.Exchange-rate risks may be handled using financial instruments that limit, or hedgeagainst,the loss due to fluctuations. Suitably designed supply chain networks, however, offer theopportunity to take advantage of exchange-rate fluctuations and increase profits. An effective wayto do this is to build some overcapacity into the network and make the capacity flexible so that itcan be used to supply different markets. This flexibility allows the firm to react to exchange-ratefluctuations by altering production flows within the supply chain to maximize profits.Companies must also take into account fluctuations in demand caused by changes in theeconomies of different countries. For example, 2009 was a year in which the economies of theUnited States and Western Europe shrank (real GDP in the United States decreased by2.4percent) while that in China grew by more than 8 percent and in India by about 7 percent.During this period, global companies with presence in China and India and the flexibility todivert resources from shrinking to growing markets did a lot better than those that did not haveeither presence in these markets or the flexibility. As the economies of Brazil, China, and Indiacontinue to grow, global supply chains will have to build more local presence in these countriesalong with the flexibility to serve multiple markets.
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