The filtrate was analyzed for 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity (Yen & Hsieh, 1995). 500 mL aliquot of ethanol extract was mixed with 5.5 mL of DPPH (0.036 mmolL 1 in ethanol) and allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature in the dark.