Two alternative approaches to the treatment with the IL-1
receptor antagonist are currently used in clinical trials that
block the IL-1 system in T2D (see Figure 1).The first approach
targets the NF-kB pathway using salsalate, a downstream
effector of the IL-1 receptor signalling. The second approach
directly targets the receptor IL-1 receptor ligand IL-1b. While
NF-kB blockage is a more general anti-inflammatory
approach lacking specificity for IL-1 signalling [30],antibodies
against receptor ligands are highly specific. Therefore, long
lasting humanized anti-IL-1b antibodies were developed by
several companies and are currently being tested in phase II
and phase III clinical trials