Take notice of the language authors will sometimes use when they are speculating about things or hoping you won’t realize that the evidence is weak: “it is probable or likely that,” (is it probable?) “clearly, this is so ” (is it clear?), “it should be obvious by now” (is it obvious?), “this undoubtably means” (is it undoubtable?) Remember that forceful words don’t necessarily make a weak argument any more convincing