The benefits
of grouping extend to heterospecific associations as well as
conspecific ones. For example, it
has been demonstrated that Carib grackles, Quiscalus lugubris,
learn as readily from a Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita, as they do
from a conspecific .In fish, behavioural responses to heterospecific chemical alarm
cues promote predator avoidance