Definition of Terms
L1: First language: A speaker's mother tongue.
L2: Second language.
ESL: English as a Second Language: English learned in a country where it is a primary
language (for example, United States, United Kingdom., and Australia).
EFL: English as a Foreign Language: English learned in a country where it is not the
primary language (for example, Saudi Arabia, Japan).
Reading Strategies: Langer (1982) defines reading strategies as the general patterns that
reveal a reader's resources for understanding. Johnson (1983) defines reading strategies
as when the readers monitor, understand, and take action when necessary. In this study,
the researcher defines reading strategies according to three types: Planning strategies
(before reading), attending strategies (while reading), and evaluating strategies (after
reading):
Planning Strategies (before-reading strategies) include selecting (learning goals),
preparing (activating relevant memory schemata), gauging (determining difficulty
of tasks and depth of processing involved), and estimating (predicting the
information processing demands of the task).