A more focused application of systems analysis is the planning, programming, budgeting system (PPBS), which shares some characteristics with policy analysis. The basic approach of PPBS is to identify all programs that have common objectives so that budget allocations to those programs can be compared in terms of their effectiveness in achieving the objectives. PPBS is like policy analysis in that it is directed at influencing specific decisions in the budget cycle. It differs in its attempt to force comprehensive and quantitative comparisons over a wide range of programs. After some apparent success in the Defense Department, President Lyndon Johnson ordered its use throughout the federal government in 1965. In 197 1, however, its use was formally abandoned by President Richard Nixon's Office of Management and Budget. Even this limited form of planning placed too great a strain on available knowledge and analytical resource