. most expansively, Kooiman (1999) argues for ‘social-political governance’ as an
over-arching theory of institutional relationships within society;
. Kickert (1993) and Rhodes (1997) define governance as the machinery of ‘selforganizing
inter-organizational networks’ that function both with and without
government to provide public services;
. Frederickson (1999) contends that governance, taken together with the theory
of ‘administrative conjunction’ is in fact a way to re-position PA as the
continuing pre-eminent discipline for the realities of the modern world;
. Marsh and Rhodes (1992) and Kickert et al. (1997), building upon the work of
those such as Hanf and Scharpf (1978) use governance as a way to explore the
workings of policy communities and networks;
. Salamon (2002) uses governance almost as a proxy term for the generic practice
of PAM, while Lynn et al. (2001) also use it as a catch-all term to try to create an
holistic theory of PAM in conditions of the ‘hollow state’ (Milward and Provan
2003); and
. Kettl (2000) uses governance as a concept with which to explore the internal
processes and workings of the NPM.