Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic
Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning
Research is in fact ubiquitous.
1. Selection of a research topic
2. Definition of a research problem
3. Literature survey and reference collection 4. Formulation of hypotheses
5. Research design (Experimental design) 6. Actual investigation
7. Data analysis (Statistical analysis)
8. Interpretation of result
9. Report
the journals which publish abstracts of papers published in various journals
review articles related to the topic chosen
journals which publish research articles,
advanced level books on the chosen topic,
proceedings of conferences, workshops, etc.,
reprint/preprint collections available with the supervisor and nearby experts working on the topic chosen and
Internet
sharpen the problem, reformulate it or even leads to defining other closely related problems,
get proper understanding of the problem chosen,
acquire proper theoretical and practical knowledge to
investigate the problem,
show how the problem under study relates to the previous research studies and
(know whether the proposed problem had already been solved.
the research design creates the foundation of the entire research work
By using
theoretical methods techniques experimental techniques
other relevant data
tools necessary for the study have to be collected and learnt
The basic principle for experimental design
1. Comparison/control
the experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)
2. Replication
Reduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)
The basic principle for experimental design 3. Randomization
Experimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chance
Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic
Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning
Research is in fact ubiquitous.
1. Selection of a research topic
2. Definition of a research problem
3. Literature survey and reference collection 4. Formulation of hypotheses
5. Research design (Experimental design) 6. Actual investigation
7. Data analysis (Statistical analysis)
8. Interpretation of result
9. Report
the journals which publish abstracts of papers published in various journals
review articles related to the topic chosen
journals which publish research articles,
advanced level books on the chosen topic,
proceedings of conferences, workshops, etc.,
reprint/preprint collections available with the supervisor and nearby experts working on the topic chosen and
Internet
sharpen the problem, reformulate it or even leads to defining other closely related problems,
get proper understanding of the problem chosen,
acquire proper theoretical and practical knowledge to
investigate the problem,
show how the problem under study relates to the previous research studies and
(know whether the proposed problem had already been solved.
the research design creates the foundation of the entire research work
By using
theoretical methods techniques experimental techniques
other relevant data
tools necessary for the study have to be collected and learnt
The basic principle for experimental design
1. Comparison/control
the experimental group is compared to concurrent controls (rather than to historical controls)
2. Replication
Reduce the effect of uncontrolled variation (i.e., increase precision)
The basic principle for experimental design 3. Randomization
Experimental subjects (“units”) should be assigned to treatment groups at random to avoid bias and control the role of chance
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