formative assessmentwas administered in the form of PDA-WATA. In the N-WBTgroup,Web-based formative assessmentwas administered
in the form of normal Web-based test. See Section 3.2.3 for a more detailed discussion of PDA-WATA and N-WBT.
For the summative assessment, however, this research constructed items based on the contents of the entire e-Learning materials to
evaluate learning effectiveness. The items in the Web-based formative assessment were not repeated in the summative assessment. The
pre-test scores of the summative assessment were taken to represent entry behavior of learning, while the difference between the post-test
scores and pre-test scores was taken to represent learning effectiveness. There were 30 items in the summative assessment. The items were
constructed according to the Two-Way Chart and reviewed by two Biology and educational assessment experts to ensure validity. The
average difficulty for the summative assessment was 0.525. Cronbach’s a for the summative assessment was 0.833.