The literature review is organized in three parts: (1) Projectile Motion, (2) Orbits, and (3) Teachers and
Teaching. The first two sections include primarily status studies, while the third includes studies of
teachers’ knowledge and experimental studies on the effectiveness of instruction. Although most of the
studies reported several misconceptions, we limited our review of each study to just one or two central
findings. A list of all studies included in this review appears in Table 2, at the end of this section.