For consistency, our main analyses assumed a medication adherence rate of 75%, as observed in the same clinical trials that were used to estimate relative risks of treatment.9 The costs of hypertension treatment included medications, monitoring, and side effects (Table S6 in the Supplementary Appendix). Medication costs were calculated as the means of the lowest wholesale prices for numbers of standard doses across drug classes in the 2014 Red Book; combination pills were included when available.14 Rates of side effects of medications were based on a meta-analysis of treatment trials for common events10 and on postmarketing reports for rare events (Table S6 in the Supplementary Appendix). We translated rates of adverse events into impairments in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and added costs related to events ranging from transient symptoms accompanied by an office visit (common event; QALY penalty of 0.23 per day), to adverse effects requiring hospitalization (infrequent event; QALY penalty of 0.50 per day), to death (rare event).