The rate of fermentation of 227 g dough (¼ bread) was measured using a SJA fermentograph (Stockholm, Sweden) set at 30 °C. The fermentograph records the volume of CO2 produced during a given time period. The standard rate of fermentation was defined at 400 mL CO2/227 g dough during the defined proofing period of 45 min at 30 °C.