Nursing History Nursing is the larg

Nursing History
Nursing is the largest, the most diverse, and one of the most respected among the health care professions. Nursing is a profession which focuses on protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses, and advocacy while caring for individuals, families, communities, and populations, assuming responsibility for the continuous care of the sick 24X7, the injured, the disabled, and the dying.

Globally, health systems are experiencing major shifts in their structure, organization, functions and management. Globalization and the technological transformation of health sectors are creating an increasingly diverse yet interconnected world. Within this ever-changing milieu, nurses are faced with many challenges, each demanding valuable and self-motivated leadership and managerial abilities if they are to be addressed effectively.

Nurses are different from other health care providers by their approach to patient care and varied scope of practice. Professional nurses work both independently and in collaboration with other health care professionals. Nurses practice in a wide diversified practice areas with a different scope of practice and level of authority in each. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has come to shape the historic public image of nurses as care providers. However, nurses are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings depending on training level. Nursing education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized courses, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are shifting to advanced practice levels.

“Nursing is a profession in which the element of service to humanity is very strong and is characterized by distinctive traditions, skills, knowledge, values and qualities of a discipline. Articulating this value to the community is one of the challenges nursing faces as it evolves responding to very different practice environments".

Nursing is well known by its practice ingrained with value of ‘caring’ and this intrinsic nursing value is a part of the development of the discipline of nursing and it now evolves to meet the emerging needs of the community. Nurses and midwives are frontline providers in delivery of cost-effective and quality health care and their contributions to health care development and towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are extremely crucial.


Nursing services and educational facilities in India have expanded considerably since Independence. Nurses are accessible even where doctors are not available, and provide health care at the doorstep. Nursing roles and responsibilities have multiplied over the years, but there are huge concerns with regard to the development of the pre-service and in-service training and human resources (HR) issues for their career growth.


It has been observed that there is a workforce crisis due to unemployment and underemployment in nursing across the country irrespective of having immense human resource potential in nursing. The retarded development of nursing and nursing profession seems to be mainly due to the fact that no serious thought has been given to this discipline over the years. Timely action on the various reports submitted to the government would have prepared nurses to take care of all areas of health care delivery and would have also avoided multiplication of other categories like physician assistants, respiratory therapists, technicians, health educators etc. All these are doing nursing duties.


Nursing education in India

Nursing education prepares nurses to practice in a variety of settings. Ancient days’ nurses were trained using an apprenticeship model. Long hours at the bedside were supplemented by some pearls of wisdom dispensed by physicians. By the middle of the twentieth century, it became clear that effective nursing practice required a distinctive body of knowledge. Nursing interventions had gradually become independent of the physician’s orders, and nursing required integrated knowledge of the physiological, psychological, and social dimensions of the patient. By developing programs of research, nurses asserted ownership over the knowledge required for practice.


Nursing education post independence

On 15th August 1947 India became independent and social changes were taking place rapidly but an alarming absence of public health and sanitary measures continued. The ratio of nurse to patient remained dangerously low. The opening of nursing schools associated with college gave nursing profession a higher social and economic status, than it had previously known. The formation of many commission and committees, establishment of INC brought about change in nursing education.

Growth of Nursing in India

ANM institutions increased from 307 to 1,642 with Admission capacity enhanced from 6,860 to 46,719

GNM institutions increased from 753 to 2,670 with Admission capacity enhanced from 29,008 to 109,224

B.Sc(N) institutions increased from 266 to 1,578 with Admission capacity enhanced from 11,953 to 80,245

P.B.B.Sc(N) institutions increased from 38 to 617 with Admission capacity enhanced from 893 to 20,378

M.Sc(N) institutions increased from 38 to 535 with Admission capacity enhanced from 483 to 10,026


History of Evolution of Nursing Education in India

1871 - School of nursing started in general hospital Madras.
1886 - School of nursing in a full-fledged form was started in J.J. Hospital, Bombay.
1892 - Many hospitals in Bombay started nursing associations which
Were intended to provide additional facilities for the training of local nurses.
1908 – Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) established.
1909 - Bombay presidency nursing association was formed.
1910 - United board of examination for nurses was organized.
1913 - South India Board was organized.
1926 - First nurses’ registration act passed in Madras.
1935 - Madras and Bombay nursing councils were established.
1942 - ANM programme started.
1943 - School of Nursing at RAK College, New Delhi.
1943 - Diploma programme in nursing administration started in New Delhi.
1946 - Four year B.Sc nursing programme started in RAK College and CMC, Vellore.
1947 - INC act was passed.
1949 - INC was established.
1959 - M.Sc Nursing started in RAK College of Nursing.
1963 - Post basic B.Sc programme started in various institutions
1968 - M.Sc Nursing at CMC, Vellore
1972 - Basic degree programme started in Kerala
1985 - M.Sc nursing started in CMC Ludhiana.
1985 - IGNOU established.
1986 - Curriculum change for GNM programme from three and a half years to three years.
1986 - M.Phil programme started in RAK, Delhi.
1987 - M.Sc Nursing started in Kerala
1987 - Separate directorate of nursing was created in Karnataka State.
1988 - M.Sc Nursing at NIMHANS
1992 - PhD in RAK College, New Delhi
1992 - Post basic programme started under IGNOU
1994 - M.Sc nursing at Mahe, Manipal
1994 - Basic B.Sc programme under school of Medical education in Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.
1996 - M.Phil and PhD at MAHE, Manipal.
2001 - PhD at NIMHANS
2004 – Syllabus of all nursing courses revised and implemented from 2006 onwards
2008 – Post basic diploma in 10 nursing specialties including independent nurse practitioner in midwifery was developed.
2004 – 2012 – Growth of Nursing Educational Institutions with 5 to 16% in government sector and 84 to 94% of admission capacity produced by private schools and colleges of nursing emerged

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

ประวัติพยาบาล เป็นพยาบาลใหญ่ที่สุด มีความหลากหลายมากที่สุด และหนึ่งในการยอมรับมากที่สุดในหมู่วิชาชีพสุขภาพ พยาบาลเป็นอาชีพที่เน้นการป้องกัน โปรโมชั่น และเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของความสามารถ และสุขภาพ การป้องกันการเจ็บป่วยและการบาดเจ็บ การบรรเทาของความทุกข์ผ่านการวินิจฉัยและการรักษาตอบสนองมนุษย์ และหลุยขณะดูแลบุคคล ครอบครัว ชุมชน และ ประชากร สมมติว่ารับผิดชอบอย่างต่อเนื่องดูแลป่วย 24 X 7 บาด ผู้พิการ และตายทั่วโลก ระบบสุขภาพประสบกะหลักในโครงสร้าง องค์กร หน้าที่ และการจัดการ โลกาภิวัตน์และการเปลี่ยนแปลงเทคโนโลยีของภาคสุขภาพจะสร้างโลกหลากหลายมากขึ้น แต่เชื่อมต่อกัน ในฤทธิ์นี้เปลี่ยนแปลง พยาบาลจะต้องเจอกับความท้าทายหลาย แต่ละที่เรียกร้องความเป็นผู้นำที่มีคุณค่า และแรงจูงใจตนเองและความสามารถในการบริหารจัดการจะจัดการได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ พยาบาลจะแตกต่างจากผู้ให้บริการสุขภาพอื่น ๆ โดยวิธีการดูแลผู้ป่วยและขอบเขตแตกต่างกันของการปฏิบัติ พยาบาลมืออาชีพทำงานทั้งสองเป็นอิสระต่อกัน และร่วมมือกับผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านสุขภาพอื่น ๆ ปฏิบัติการพยาบาลในพื้นที่ฝึกกว้างหลากหลายมีขอบเขตที่แตกต่างกันของการปฏิบัติและระดับของหน่วยงานในแต่ละ ดูแลภายในขอบเขตแพทย์สั่งให้พยาบาลจำนวนมาก และบทบาทนี้ดั้งเดิมได้มารูปภาพพยาบาลเป็นผู้ให้บริการสาธารณะประวัติศาสตร์ อย่างไรก็ตาม พยาบาลจะอนุญาต โดยเงื่อนไขส่วนใหญ่การฝึกอย่างเป็นอิสระในการตั้งค่าขึ้นอยู่กับระดับการฝึกอบรมที่หลากหลาย การศึกษาพยาบาลมีเปลี่ยนกระบวนการของการกระจายไปยังหลักสูตรขั้นสูง และเฉพาะ และกฎระเบียบดั้งเดิมและบทบาทของผู้ให้บริการจะขยับระดับปฏิบัติขั้นสูง"พยาบาลเป็นอาชีพที่แข็งแรงมาก และโดยประเพณีที่โดดเด่น ทักษะ ความรู้ ค่า และคุณภาพวินัยเป็นองค์ประกอบของบริการเพื่อมนุษยชาติ Articulating ค่านี้ให้กับชุมชนเป็นหนึ่งในความท้าทายที่พยาบาลหน้าเป็นมันอยู่เสมอการตอบสนองต่อสภาพแวดล้อมในการปฏิบัติที่แตกต่างกันมาก"Nursing is well known by its practice ingrained with value of ‘caring’ and this intrinsic nursing value is a part of the development of the discipline of nursing and it now evolves to meet the emerging needs of the community. Nurses and midwives are frontline providers in delivery of cost-effective and quality health care and their contributions to health care development and towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are extremely crucial.Nursing services and educational facilities in India have expanded considerably since Independence. Nurses are accessible even where doctors are not available, and provide health care at the doorstep. Nursing roles and responsibilities have multiplied over the years, but there are huge concerns with regard to the development of the pre-service and in-service training and human resources (HR) issues for their career growth.It has been observed that there is a workforce crisis due to unemployment and underemployment in nursing across the country irrespective of having immense human resource potential in nursing. The retarded development of nursing and nursing profession seems to be mainly due to the fact that no serious thought has been given to this discipline over the years. Timely action on the various reports submitted to the government would have prepared nurses to take care of all areas of health care delivery and would have also avoided multiplication of other categories like physician assistants, respiratory therapists, technicians, health educators etc. All these are doing nursing duties. Nursing education in India Nursing education prepares nurses to practice in a variety of settings. Ancient days’ nurses were trained using an apprenticeship model. Long hours at the bedside were supplemented by some pearls of wisdom dispensed by physicians. By the middle of the twentieth century, it became clear that effective nursing practice required a distinctive body of knowledge. Nursing interventions had gradually become independent of the physician’s orders, and nursing required integrated knowledge of the physiological, psychological, and social dimensions of the patient. By developing programs of research, nurses asserted ownership over the knowledge required for practice. Nursing education post independenceOn 15th August 1947 India became independent and social changes were taking place rapidly but an alarming absence of public health and sanitary measures continued. The ratio of nurse to patient remained dangerously low. The opening of nursing schools associated with college gave nursing profession a higher social and economic status, than it had previously known. The formation of many commission and committees, establishment of INC brought about change in nursing education.Growth of Nursing in IndiaANM institutions increased from 307 to 1,642 with Admission capacity enhanced from 6,860 to 46,719GNM institutions increased from 753 to 2,670 with Admission capacity enhanced from 29,008 to 109,224B.Sc(N) institutions increased from 266 to 1,578 with Admission capacity enhanced from 11,953 to 80,245P.B.B.Sc(N) institutions increased from 38 to 617 with Admission capacity enhanced from 893 to 20,378M.Sc(N) institutions increased from 38 to 535 with Admission capacity enhanced from 483 to 10,026 History of Evolution of Nursing Education in India 1871 - School of nursing started in general hospital Madras.1886 - School of nursing in a full-fledged form was started in J.J. Hospital, Bombay.1892 - Many hospitals in Bombay started nursing associations which Were intended to provide additional facilities for the training of local nurses.1908 – Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) established.1909 - Bombay presidency nursing association was formed.1910 - United board of examination for nurses was organized.1913 - South India Board was organized.1926 - First nurses’ registration act passed in Madras.1935 - Madras and Bombay nursing councils were established.1942 - ANM programme started.1943 - School of Nursing at RAK College, New Delhi.1943 - Diploma programme in nursing administration started in New Delhi.1946 - Four year B.Sc nursing programme started in RAK College and CMC, Vellore.1947 - INC act was passed.1949 - INC was established.1959 - M.Sc Nursing started in RAK College of Nursing.1963 - Post basic B.Sc programme started in various institutions1968 - M.Sc Nursing at CMC, Vellore1972 - Basic degree programme started in Kerala1985 - M.Sc nursing started in CMC Ludhiana.1985 - IGNOU established.1986 - Curriculum change for GNM programme from three and a half years to three years.1986 - M.Phil programme started in RAK, Delhi.1987 - M.Sc Nursing started in Kerala1987 - Separate directorate of nursing was created in Karnataka State.1988 - M.Sc Nursing at NIMHANS1992 - PhD in RAK College, New Delhi1992 - Post basic programme started under IGNOU1994 - M.Sc nursing at Mahe, Manipal1994 - Basic B.Sc programme under school of Medical education in Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.1996 - M.Phil and PhD at MAHE, Manipal.2001 - PhD at NIMHANS2004 – Syllabus of all nursing courses revised and implemented from 2006 onwards2008 – Post basic diploma in 10 nursing specialties including independent nurse practitioner in midwifery was developed.2004 – 2012 – Growth of Nursing Educational Institutions with 5 to 16% in government sector and 84 to 94% of admission capacity produced by private schools and colleges of nursing emerged

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

พยาบาลประวัติศาสตร์
พยาบาลมากที่สุด หลากหลายที่สุดและเป็นหนึ่งในการยอมรับมากที่สุดของการดูแลสุขภาพอาชีพ พยาบาลเป็นอาชีพที่มุ่งเน้นการคุ้มครอง การส่งเสริม และเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของความสามารถของสุขภาพและป้องกันการเจ็บป่วยและการบาดเจ็บ บรรเทาทุกข์ ผ่านการวินิจฉัยและการรักษาของการตอบสนองของมนุษย์และการสนับสนุนในขณะที่การดูแลบุคคลในครอบครัวชุมชนและประชากร มีหน้าที่รับผิดชอบต่อการดูแลอย่างต่อเนื่องของ 24x7 , ป่วยและบาดเจ็บ พิการ และตาย

) ระบบสาธารณสุขประสบกะหลักในโครงสร้างองค์กรและหน้าที่การจัดการ โลกาภิวัตน์และการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเทคโนโลยีของภาคสุขภาพการสร้างความหลากหลายมากขึ้น ยังเชื่อมโยงโลกในสภาพแวดล้อมที่เปลี่ยนแปลงนี้ พยาบาลจะต้องเผชิญกับความท้าทายมากมาย แต่ละความต้องการที่มีคุณค่าและมีภาวะผู้นำและความสามารถในการจัดการ หากพวกเขาจะได้รับการแก้ไขอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ .

พยาบาลแตกต่างจากผู้ให้บริการดูแลสุขภาพอื่น ๆโดยวิธีการดูแลผู้ป่วยที่หลากหลาย และขอบเขตของการปฏิบัติ