Glutamate is an endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter, but
high concentrations lead to the neuronal cell death, which is
the main cause of pathogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders,
including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease
(PD). Glutamate exposure decreases in cystine uptake by inhibiting
the glutamate/cystine antiporter, resulting in the depletion
of antioxidative glutathione (GSH) in the cells