In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the audi alteram partem principle was applied to a wide variety of bodies. Deprivation of office (Baggk Care (1615) ll Co. Rep. 93b), and disciplinary measures imposed on the clergy (Cape! v. Child (l83Z) 2 Cr. & J. 588) were two common types of case to come before the courts. The principle was also applied to private bodies such as clubs, associations and trade unions (Abbott v. Sullivan [1952] I K.B. I89). The generality of application of the principle was emphasized in Cooper v. Wandsworrh Board of War/ts ((1863) I4 C.B. (N.S.) I80), where the court held that the omission of positive words in the statute requiring a hearing was not a bar since the justice of the common law would supply the omission of the legislature. This was furthcr reinforced by Lord Lorebum L,C., who stated that the maxim applied to ‘everyone who decides anything’(B0ara'0fEducati0n v. Rice [19] 1] A.C. 179, l82).