These contradictory results do not permit resolution of the issue, and concerns of people living in areas near incinerators require more in-depth studies [1-3]. Recent investigations have used dispersion models to assess population exposure [11,12], an approach that provides a better exposure assessment than studies based on distance from the source. However, such studies have used health data at the aggregate level with numerator and denominator information coming from different sources and with limited possibility of adjusting for confounding related to socioeconomic status. The present work proposes an approach in which exposure assessment is based on geographical characterization by means of dispersion models, outcome information is collected within an individual-based retrospective longitudinal study, and an area-based socioeconomic status index is considered in the analysis.