Introduction
When wandering in the supermarket to shop for everyday food and beverages, consumers will find that liquid food packaging material is diverse. This diversity makes liquid food packaging an ideal medium for testing the haptic effects of food packaging, providing us with a convenient site for conducting multi-comparisons and controlling independent variables (i.e., packaging materials). However, among all liquid food products, tea most clearly manifests Eastern cultural traditions and characteristics. Specifically, in China, the history of using herbal tea may as long as the history of using traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), many of which are consumed in the form of tea (Zhao, Deng, Chen, & Li, 2013). According to the statistical report of the China National Food Industry Association, herbal tea has a 20% share of the Chinese beverage consumption market, and its market share is increasing at the surprising rate of 30% per year (cited by Zhong & Wu, 2013). Due to its cultural significance and popularity, we selected Chinese cold tea to represent the liquid food stimulus for the present study.
At its most fundamental, packaging contains, protects, and preserves products; however, at its most sophisticated, it influences selling operations (Paine & Paine, 1992). In the highly competitive environment of retail stores, where the typical shopper passes by some 300 items per minute and makes 40–70% of all purchase decisions, packaging performs many sales functions and acts as an important promotional medium (Armstrong & Kotler, 2013). It is also a key strategic marketing tool for a product’s overall success, especially in the food industry, with its rapid structural changes (Rundh, 2005). Food packaging, which is often intertwined with food, is a broad term, including form, structure, materials, color, imagery, typography, and regulatory information with a few ancillary elements (Xu, Li, & Wei, 2009). Successful food packaging not only creates desire and establishes brand loyalty, but it also often provides the sole reason for buying a product (Klimchuk & Krasovec, 2013, pp. 39–40). A substantial amount of research has exclusively examined how the shape and color of packaging affect taste experiences. In studying the impact of shape, Spence and Gallace (2011a), for example, found an association between presenting sparkling water, cranberry juice, and Maltesers chocolate with angular shapes. In studying packaging color, Piqueras-Fiszman, Alcaide, Roura, & Spence (2012) found consumers rated the flavor intensity and sweetness of strawberry mousse higher when it was presented on a white plate rather than on a black one. Further, to a great extent, the physical features of food packaging have been shown to affect consumers’ product attitude and price expectations (Becker, Van Rompay, Schifferstein, & Galetzka, 2011), perceived quality of a product (Borland, Savvas, Sharkie, & Moore, 2013), and perceived brand attributes (Parise & Spence, 2012). Even the cutlery with which a food sample is served has been shown to affect the response of consumers. Harrar and Spence (2013) found, for instance, that consumers perceived yoghurt as denser and more expensive when tasted from a lighter plastic spoon as compared to an artificially weighted spoon. Studies focusing on the color and shape of food packaging have contributed to a better understanding of how packaging can impact consumers’ food taste and brand perception, yet the majority of the published research on food texture, or touch, has focused primarily on what occurs inside the mouth during consumption (Piqueras-Fiszman & Spence, 2012b). Less attention has typically been given to the possible influence of food packaging materials on consumers’ taste experiences (Krishna and Morrin, 2008, Piqueras-Fiszman et al., 2012, Spence, 2011, Piqueras-Fiszman and Spence, 2012a, Piqueras-Fiszman and Spence, 2012b and Schifferstein, 2009).
The importance of consumers’ ability to touch products that they are considering for purchase cannot be overstated. Whether in store- or internet-based selling, products with primarily material properties are more likely to be preferred (Citrin et al., 2003 and McCabe and Nowlis, 2003) and to be rated more highly in shopping environments that allow physical inspection rather than in those environments that do not (Peck & Childers, 2003b). Those pre-selected high-quality products for which tactile input is diagnostic obtain more positive and favorable product evaluations (Grohmann, Spangenberg, & Sprott, 2007). Physical touch, sensorial judgment, and affective response are often related to one another in a specific hierarchy; for example, “relaxing” is a combination of indulgent/sensual and warm, while “precious” is a combination of indulgent/sensual and not warm (Chen, Barnes, Childs, Henson, & Shao, 2009). Researchers have examined how expectancy-based effects impact crossmodal correspondence, and have found that people generate expectations about the taste of a food from contextual cues, such as the features of hot and cold (Spence, Levitan, Shankar, & Zampini, 2010). A consumer’s sense of touch has been shown to play a very important role, especially in the first stage of buying, during which the consumer develops a “feel” for the package and the ingredients inside (Schifferstein, Fenko, Desmet, Labbe, & Martin, 2013). Accordingly, we may reliably speculate that when consumers purchase food they come to expect the actual taste of that food by habitually or subconsciously touching the packaging, indirectly evoking memories of the purchased food’s taste. At the same time, touch may arouse affective responses, independently moderating the effect of food tactility on consumers’ buying decision-making process. The present study contributes to this field of research, which is now gradually receiving increased attention. Specifically, the field focuses on how haptic, or touch-related, properties of food packaging materials affect consumer food-taste experiences. Since haptic perception is complicated by the number of perceptual processing inputs that are generated from multiple subsystems—including those in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints (Goldstein, 2013)—we address key issues in studying haptic perception before presenting the formal study.
Consumers experience a wide range of haptic sensations from the many different kinds of liquid food packaging materials to which they are exposed in the market, and they may associate these materials and sensations with qualities derived from cultural semantics. For example, Tu, Yang, and Ma (2013) noted that consumers perceived organic glass as bright; wood packaging material as natural and comfortable, signifying something pure and sweet; and plastic as compact and smooth, suggesting something exquisite and elegant. Haptic perception may be divided into at least two systems of haptic classification. Lederman and Klatzky’s (1990) initial classification of haptic sensation distinguished between eight diagnostic attributes: shape and size; texture and hardness; weight; temperature; part; and motion of a part. Littel and Orth (2013) narrowed haptic perception to four factors: size, hardness, contour, and texture. Researchers have observed that certain stereotypical hand-movement patterns were directed at extracting particular object properties; for example, static contact with temperature and unsupported holding with weight (Klatzky and Lederman, 1992 and Lederman and Klatzky, 1987). Furthermore, Klatzky, Lederman, and Reed (1989) found that redundancy gains (shortened response time) were observed only for two substance factors at any given time (in their case, texture and hardness with planar contour). Lederman and Klatzky’s (1990) also observed that when neither hand was favored by the initial mode of contact, the subject tended to use both hands throughout, which implies that holding a drink container in both hands may be a habit in everyday life. They also found that participants came to associate the most diagnostic (haptic) attributes (MDA) with specific exploratory procedures (EPs); for example, Texture MDA with Lateral Motion EP, Hardness MDA with Pressure EP, Temperature MDA with Static Contact EP, and Weight MDA with Unsupported Holding EP.
The present study is especially concerned with the crossmodal correspondence of haptic temperature, weight, and texture perceptions with taste. Crossmodal correspondence occurs when polarized stimulus dimensions between different, basic physical stimulus attributes—or features in different sensory modalities—seem to be associated, such as when a more-or-less extreme stimulus value on a given dimension is found to be compatible with a more-or-less extreme sensory value on a corresponding dimension (Spence, 2011). Crossmodality may occur at any level, depending on the stimulus meaning/valence, which could just as effectively associate low-level modal stimulus properties as high-level cognitive correspondence (Spence, 2011). Researchers have discussed crossmodal correspondence between many different pairs of stimuli (pitch and elevation, brightness and lightness, size and angularity of shape), but the majority of studies have matched auditory and visual stimuli (Spence & Deroy, 2013). Based on crossmodal correspondence theory, we have reason to believe that the haptic temperature, weight, and texture of food packaging materials may map onto food taste experiences. Krishna, Elder, and Caldara (2010) have shown that both smell and touch have semantic associations that can enhance haptic perception and product evaluation. Research has also established that the physical properties (e.g., weight) of food packaging containers can exert significant influence on consumers’ expected satiety and perception of density (Piqueras-Fiszman & Spence, 2012a), sensory and hedonic responses (Piqueras-Fiszman, Harrar, Alcaide, & Spence, 2011), and ev
แนะนำเมื่อเดินในซุปเปอร์มาร์เก็ตร้านขายอาหารประจำวันและเครื่องดื่ม ผู้บริโภคจะพบว่าอาหารเหลวบรรจุภัณฑ์หลากหลาย ความหลากหลายนี้ทำให้อาหารเหลวที่บรรจุเป็นขนาดกลางเหมาะสำหรับทดสอบผล haptic ของบรรจุภัณฑ์อาหาร ให้เรา มีเว็บไซต์ที่สะดวกสำหรับการดำเนินการเปรียบเทียบหลาย และควบคุมตัวแปรอิสระ (เช่น บรรจุภัณฑ์) อย่างไรก็ตาม ในทุกผลิตภัณฑ์อาหารเหลว ชาสุดชัดเจนปรากฏประเพณีวัฒนธรรมตะวันออกและลักษณะการ โดยเฉพาะ ในจีน ประวัติของการใช้ชาสมุนไพรอาจตราบเท่าที่ประวัติศาสตร์ของการใช้ยาจีนแบบดั้งเดิม (TCMs), จำนวนมากที่มีใช้ในรูปแบบของชา (เจียว เต็ง เฉิน และ Li, 2013) รายงานสถิติของจีนแห่งชาติอาหารอุตสาหกรรมสมาคม ชาสมุนไพรมี 20% ส่วนแบ่งตลาดการบริโภคเครื่องดื่มจีน และเพิ่มส่วนแบ่งตลาดในอัตรา 30% ต่อปี (อ้าง โดยต๋งและวู 2013) น่าแปลกใจ ความสำคัญทางวัฒนธรรมและความนิยม เราเลือกชาจีนเย็นถึงกระตุ้นอาหารเหลวสำหรับการศึกษาปัจจุบันในที่สุดพื้นฐาน บรรจุภัณฑ์ประกอบด้วย ป้องกัน และการเก็บรักษาผลิตภัณฑ์ อย่างไรก็ตาม ที่ความทันสมัยที่สุด มันมีผลต่อการดำเนินงานขาย (Paine & Paine, 1992) ในสภาพแวดล้อมการแข่งขันของร้านค้าปลีก ที่นักช้อปโดยทั่วไปผ่าน โดย 300 รายการต่อนาที และทำให้ 40-70% ของการตัดสินใจซื้อทั้งหมด บรรจุภัณฑ์ทำขายหลายหน้าที่ และทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวสำคัญส่งเสริมการขายสื่อ (อาร์มสตรองและ Kotler, 2013) ยังเป็นเครื่องมือเชิงกลยุทธ์การตลาดสำคัญสำหรับสินค้าโดยรวมประสบความสำเร็จ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในอุตสาหกรรมอาหาร การแปลงโครงสร้างอย่างรวดเร็ว (Rundh, 2005) บรรจุภัณฑ์อาหาร ซึ่งมักจะเจอกับอาหาร เป็นคำกว้าง รวมถึงแบบฟอร์ม โครงสร้าง วัสดุ สี ภาพ พิมพ์ และกำกับดูแลข้อมูล มีองค์ประกอบพิเศษกี่ (Xu หลี่ & Wei, 2009) บรรจุภัณฑ์อาหารสำเร็จไม่เพียงแต่สร้างความปรารถนา และสร้างแบรนด์สมาชิก แต่มันยังมักจะให้เหตุผลแต่เพียงผู้เดียวสำหรับการซื้อผลิตภัณฑ์ (Klimchuk & Krasovec, 2013 นำ 39 – 40) งานวิจัยจำนวนมากได้โดยเฉพาะตรวจสอบว่ารูปร่างและสีของบรรจุภัณฑ์มีผลต่อประสบการณ์รสชาติ ในการศึกษาผลของรูปร่าง สเปนซ์และ Gallace (2011a), ตัวอย่าง พบความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการนำเสนอน้ำประกาย น้ำแครนเบอร์รี่ และ Maltesers ช็อคโกแลตด้วยรูปทรงแองกูลาร์ ศึกษาภัณฑ์สี Piqueras Fiszman, Alcaide, Roura, & สเปนซ์ (2012) พบผู้บริโภคอันดับความเข้มของรสชาติและความหวานหอมของสตรอเบอรี่ตมูสสูงเมื่อมันถูกนำเสนอ บนจานสีขาว มากกว่าหนึ่งสีดำไว้ เพิ่มเติม ในระดับดี คุณสมบัติทางกายภาพของบรรจุภัณฑ์อาหารมีการแสดงมีผลต่อทัศนคติของผู้บริโภคผลิตภัณฑ์และความคาดหวังราคา (Becker, Van Rompay, Schifferstein, & Galetzka, 2011), คุณภาพของผลิตภัณฑ์ (Borland เซฟยาส Sharkie และ มัวร์ 2013) การรับรู้ และการรับรู้แบรนด์คุณลักษณะ (Parise & สเปนซ์ 2012) ได้รับการแสดงแม้แต่มีดที่พร้อมเสิร์ฟอาหารตัวอย่างที่มีผลต่อการตอบสนองของผู้บริโภค Harrar และสเปนซ์ (2013) พบ เช่น ที่ผู้บริโภคมองเห็นโยเกิร์ตเป็น denser และแพงกว่าเมื่อลิ้มรสจากการช้อนพลาสติกมีน้ำหนักเบาเมื่อเทียบกับการช้อนเหือดถ่วงน้ำหนัก ศึกษาเน้นสีและรูปร่างของบรรจุภัณฑ์อาหารมีส่วนเข้าใจของวิธีบรรจุภัณฑ์อาจส่งผลต่อรสชาติอาหารของผู้บริโภค และการรับรู้แบรนด์ แต่ส่วนใหญ่การวิจัยที่เผยแพร่บนพื้นผิวของอาหาร สัมผัส ได้เน้นหลักในสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นภายในปากระหว่างปริมาณการใช้ (Piqueras-Fiszman และสเปนซ์ 2012b) ให้ความสนใจน้อยลงเพื่อได้อิทธิพลของอาหารบรรจุภัณฑ์ประสบการณ์รสนิยมของผู้บริโภคโดยทั่วไป (กฤษณะและ Morrin, 2008, Piqueras Fiszman et al., 2012 สเปนซ์ 2011 Piqueras Fiszman และสเปนซ์ 2012a, Piqueras Fiszman และสเปนซ์ 2012b และ Schifferstein, 2009)The importance of consumers’ ability to touch products that they are considering for purchase cannot be overstated. Whether in store- or internet-based selling, products with primarily material properties are more likely to be preferred (Citrin et al., 2003 and McCabe and Nowlis, 2003) and to be rated more highly in shopping environments that allow physical inspection rather than in those environments that do not (Peck & Childers, 2003b). Those pre-selected high-quality products for which tactile input is diagnostic obtain more positive and favorable product evaluations (Grohmann, Spangenberg, & Sprott, 2007). Physical touch, sensorial judgment, and affective response are often related to one another in a specific hierarchy; for example, “relaxing” is a combination of indulgent/sensual and warm, while “precious” is a combination of indulgent/sensual and not warm (Chen, Barnes, Childs, Henson, & Shao, 2009). Researchers have examined how expectancy-based effects impact crossmodal correspondence, and have found that people generate expectations about the taste of a food from contextual cues, such as the features of hot and cold (Spence, Levitan, Shankar, & Zampini, 2010). A consumer’s sense of touch has been shown to play a very important role, especially in the first stage of buying, during which the consumer develops a “feel” for the package and the ingredients inside (Schifferstein, Fenko, Desmet, Labbe, & Martin, 2013). Accordingly, we may reliably speculate that when consumers purchase food they come to expect the actual taste of that food by habitually or subconsciously touching the packaging, indirectly evoking memories of the purchased food’s taste. At the same time, touch may arouse affective responses, independently moderating the effect of food tactility on consumers’ buying decision-making process. The present study contributes to this field of research, which is now gradually receiving increased attention. Specifically, the field focuses on how haptic, or touch-related, properties of food packaging materials affect consumer food-taste experiences. Since haptic perception is complicated by the number of perceptual processing inputs that are generated from multiple subsystems—including those in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints (Goldstein, 2013)—we address key issues in studying haptic perception before presenting the formal study.Consumers experience a wide range of haptic sensations from the many different kinds of liquid food packaging materials to which they are exposed in the market, and they may associate these materials and sensations with qualities derived from cultural semantics. For example, Tu, Yang, and Ma (2013) noted that consumers perceived organic glass as bright; wood packaging material as natural and comfortable, signifying something pure and sweet; and plastic as compact and smooth, suggesting something exquisite and elegant. Haptic perception may be divided into at least two systems of haptic classification. Lederman and Klatzky’s (1990) initial classification of haptic sensation distinguished between eight diagnostic attributes: shape and size; texture and hardness; weight; temperature; part; and motion of a part. Littel and Orth (2013) narrowed haptic perception to four factors: size, hardness, contour, and texture. Researchers have observed that certain stereotypical hand-movement patterns were directed at extracting particular object properties; for example, static contact with temperature and unsupported holding with weight (Klatzky and Lederman, 1992 and Lederman and Klatzky, 1987). Furthermore, Klatzky, Lederman, and Reed (1989) found that redundancy gains (shortened response time) were observed only for two substance factors at any given time (in their case, texture and hardness with planar contour). Lederman and Klatzky’s (1990) also observed that when neither hand was favored by the initial mode of contact, the subject tended to use both hands throughout, which implies that holding a drink container in both hands may be a habit in everyday life. They also found that participants came to associate the most diagnostic (haptic) attributes (MDA) with specific exploratory procedures (EPs); for example, Texture MDA with Lateral Motion EP, Hardness MDA with Pressure EP, Temperature MDA with Static Contact EP, and Weight MDA with Unsupported Holding EP.The present study is especially concerned with the crossmodal correspondence of haptic temperature, weight, and texture perceptions with taste. Crossmodal correspondence occurs when polarized stimulus dimensions between different, basic physical stimulus attributes—or features in different sensory modalities—seem to be associated, such as when a more-or-less extreme stimulus value on a given dimension is found to be compatible with a more-or-less extreme sensory value on a corresponding dimension (Spence, 2011). Crossmodality may occur at any level, depending on the stimulus meaning/valence, which could just as effectively associate low-level modal stimulus properties as high-level cognitive correspondence (Spence, 2011). Researchers have discussed crossmodal correspondence between many different pairs of stimuli (pitch and elevation, brightness and lightness, size and angularity of shape), but the majority of studies have matched auditory and visual stimuli (Spence & Deroy, 2013). Based on crossmodal correspondence theory, we have reason to believe that the haptic temperature, weight, and texture of food packaging materials may map onto food taste experiences. Krishna, Elder, and Caldara (2010) have shown that both smell and touch have semantic associations that can enhance haptic perception and product evaluation. Research has also established that the physical properties (e.g., weight) of food packaging containers can exert significant influence on consumers’ expected satiety and perception of density (Piqueras-Fiszman & Spence, 2012a), sensory and hedonic responses (Piqueras-Fiszman, Harrar, Alcaide, & Spence, 2011), and ev
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