2.2.2. Pigs, management and sample collectionsTwelve Genesis ([Yorkshire − Landrace dam] × Duroc sire) barrows with an initial average body weight (BW) of23.0 ± 0.41 kg (mean ± standard deviation) were obtained from Glenlea Swine Research Unit, University of Manitoba. Pigswere housed in individual pens (1.5 m × 1.2 m) within a temperature-controlled room of 21 ± 2◦C (mean ± standard devia-tion). Each pen was fitted with a stainless steel self-feeder and a low-pressure nipple drinker that allowed unlimited accessto water. Lighting was provided for 16 h daily from 7:00 AM to 11:00 PM. Upon arrival in the experimental unit, pigs wereallowed a 5 day acclimation period, and subsequently fed with a commercial growing pig diet ad libitum. Thereafter, the 12barrows were surgically fitted with simple T-cannula at the distal ileum as described by Nyachoti et al. (2002). A post-surgicalrecovery period of 14 days was allowed.After the recovery period, the ileal cannulated barrows were randomly allocated to the experimental diets in a YoudenSquare design with 12 treatments, 6 columns (experimental periods) and 12 rows (pigs), to give 6 replicates per treatment.Pigs were fed twice daily (0830 and 1530 h) at 2.6 times maintenance energy requirement (NRC, 1998). Each experimentalperiod lasted for 14 days; adaptation periods of 10 days, followed by grab fecal collection for 2 days and ileal digesta collectionfor 2 days. Digesta and fecal samples were stored immediately at −20◦C for further analysis.