Spatial relationships between terminals are a vital element in
competition, particularly for ports and rail terminals. Different
geographical scales, from the global to the local, can be integrated
in a multi-modal transport system, and to increase the accessibility
of regions and cities to the international market. A new development
of the traditional local function of the ports is their regionalisation
and evolution in industrial complexes. A port throughput
is linked to a variety of local and regional industrial terminals.
Through improving hinterland transportation, ports can go beyond
their own facilities to help accommodate additional traffic and the
complexity of freight distribution. Port regionalisation indicates
a higher level of integration between maritime and inland transport
systems, particularly through using rail and barge transportation,
which are less prone to congestion than road
transportation. It is characterised by strong functional interdependency
and even joint development of a specific load centre and
logistics platforms in the hinterland.
Once terminals are surrounded by various economic activities,
many of them freight related, they have to cope with challenges in
terms of local and regional accessibility. Road congestion increases
and terminal access becomes more and more problematic. To cope
with that, two interdependent strategies can be implemented:
- Modal shift: Closer integration with an alternative transport
mode to share the shipments entering or exiting the terminal
through another mode, which commonly involves rail or barge
shuttles;
- Freight diversion: Satellite terminals enable the interception of
freight shipments which instead of entering a congested
metropolitan area, are bound to terminals for easier access.
3.6. Cluster port and inland rail terminal
Concerning port regionalisation and congestion, it is possible to
implement a concept of port as a “cluster”, directly linking through
a dedicated rail corridor on-dock rail facilities to a nearby inland
rail terminal where containers can be sorted by destination. It
involves two modes of operation for the on-dock rail terminal, such
as the block swap and the ‘No Sort’ Shuttle Trains. The first is a fulllength
train assembled at the on-dock facility, and consisting of
blocks of 10 container cars each sorted for specific inland destinations.
The second is an unsorted full-length train assembled at
the on-dock rail terminal. In such a setting, the inland rail terminal
becomes an important component of the system and its role
becomes focused on trans-modal (rail to rail) operations. The
“synergy” creates a new type of maritime/land interface and
a regionalised port.
In order to better think about modal shift or freight diversion, it
is necessary to analyse the four main functions of the intermodal
transport chain; composition, connection, interchange and
decomposition. Composition is the assembly and consolidation of
freight at a terminal that offers an intermodal interface between
a local/regional distribution system and a national/international
distribution system; referred to as the “first mile”. The connection
function involves a consolidated modal flow, such as a freight train
or a container ship (or even fleets of trucks), between at least two
terminals, which takes place over national or international freight
distribution systems. The interchange function is the major intermodal
function taking place at terminals whose purpose is to
provide an efficient continuity within a transport chain. Those
terminals are dominantly within the realm of national or international
freight distribution systems, with ports (transhipment hubs)
being the most notable example. Finally, decomposition is the
fragmentation and transfer of a load of freight to the local/regional
freight distribution system once it has reached a terminal close to
its destination. It is referred as the “last mile” and often represents
one of the most difficult segments of distribution.
3.7. Case study: the TIGER project
TIGER (Transit via Innovative Gateway concepts solving European
e Intermodal Rail needs) is an FP7 funded project for the
development of rail transport in competitive and co-modal freight
and logistics chains. With the objective to alleviate European port
and road congestion, TIGER suggested to increase rail freight’s
market share and improve rail network productivity and developed
four demonstrators to find the right balance between geographical
location, existing infrastructure, local context, hinterland penetration
and sustainability. The first demonstrator, the Genoa Fast
Corridor (Fig. 8), is based on the concept of freight diversion in
a satellite terminal (Rivalta Terminal Europa), where containers
arriving both at Terminal S. Giorgio and Genoa Voltri are transferred
by shuttle trains, adopting random loading from ships to
speed up operations and using a secondary rail link from the port
and returning via the mainline, creating a “loop”. New ICT and
management systems have been introduced, as well as investments
in port infrastructure and signalling. Rivalta is linked to two main
TEN-T corridors and offers custom facilities for the Genoa Port.
The second demonstrator is the Mariplat “Y” (Fig. 9), that aims
to concentrate container traffic from two main Italian ports, Gioia
Tauro and Taranto, and consolidate them in longer and heavier
trains operated between Bari and Bologna Interporto freight village,
using the Adriatic Rail Line. In Bologna containers enter in the main
European freight corridors, avoiding the very congested Tyrrhenian
Line passing through the city of Naples, Rome and Florence.
The third demonstrator, the iPORT (Innovative Port & Hinterland
Operations) (Fig. 10) is based on the “web” concept and aims to
optimise the container flows from the ports of Hamburg and Bremerhaven
to the hinterland. In selecting an inland terminal location,
it evaluated two different approaches, “close-to-the-port” and
“close-to-the-market”, in terms of hinterland coverage and effi-
ciency. The first approach demonstrated a reduction of waiting time
of 92% and a relevant road decongestion, promoted strong IT support
and cooperative business models between different actors, as well as
in general supporting the development of a cluster model. The
second developed a good number of best practices, such as frequent
shuttle trains from/to German seaports, and IT tools like Blue Opti,
a train monitoring system with customer interfaces. Results showed
ปริภูมิความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างเทอร์มินัลเป็นองค์ประกอบสำคัญในแข่งขัน โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสำหรับพอร์ตและรางเทอร์มินัล แตกต่างกันสามารถรวมเครื่องชั่งน้ำหนักทางภูมิศาสตร์ จากส่วนกลางสู่ท้องถิ่นในระบบขนส่งหลายแบบ และ การเพิ่มการเข้าถึงที่ภูมิภาคและเมืองไปตลาดต่างประเทศ การพัฒนาใหม่เป็นฟังก์ชันท้องถิ่นดั้งเดิมของพอร์ regionalisation ของพวกเขาและวิวัฒนาการในอุตสาหกรรมคอมเพล็กซ์ ประมวลพอร์ตเชื่อมโยงกับความหลากหลายของท้องถิ่น และภูมิภาคอุตสาหกรรมเทอร์มินัลโดยปรับปรุงขนส่งชนบท พอร์ตสามารถไปไกลกว่าสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกของตนเองเพื่อช่วยรองรับการจราจรเพิ่มเติมและความซับซ้อนของการกระจายสินค้าการขนส่ง บ่งชี้ว่า พอร์ต regionalisationรวมระหว่างการขนส่งทางทะเล และในประเทศในระดับที่สูงขึ้นระบบ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง โดยใช้รถไฟและเรือขนส่งซึ่งมีแนวโน้มน้อยที่แออัดกว่าถนนขนส่ง มันมีประสบการ์ความเชื่อมโยงกันทำงานแข็งแรงและได้ร่วมพัฒนาศูนย์โหลดเฉพาะ และระบบโลจิสติกส์ในชนบทเมื่อเทอร์มินัลถูกล้อมรอบ ด้วยกิจกรรมทางเศรษฐกิจต่าง ๆหลายของพวกเขาขนส่งที่เกี่ยวข้อง พวกเขาจะต้องรับมือกับความท้าทายในเงื่อนไขของการเข้าถึงท้องถิ่น และภูมิภาค ถนนแออัดเพิ่มขึ้นและการเข้าถึงเทอร์มินัลจะมีปัญหามาก เพื่อรับมือกับ กลยุทธ์จัดสองสามารถนำมาใช้:-กะจน: รวมใกล้ชิดกับการขนส่งอื่นmode to share the shipments entering or exiting the terminalthrough another mode, which commonly involves rail or bargeshuttles;- Freight diversion: Satellite terminals enable the interception offreight shipments which instead of entering a congestedmetropolitan area, are bound to terminals for easier access.3.6. Cluster port and inland rail terminalConcerning port regionalisation and congestion, it is possible toimplement a concept of port as a “cluster”, directly linking througha dedicated rail corridor on-dock rail facilities to a nearby inlandrail terminal where containers can be sorted by destination. Itinvolves two modes of operation for the on-dock rail terminal, suchas the block swap and the ‘No Sort’ Shuttle Trains. The first is a fulllengthtrain assembled at the on-dock facility, and consisting ofblocks of 10 container cars each sorted for specific inland destinations.The second is an unsorted full-length train assembled atthe on-dock rail terminal. In such a setting, the inland rail terminalbecomes an important component of the system and its rolebecomes focused on trans-modal (rail to rail) operations. The“synergy” creates a new type of maritime/land interface anda regionalised port.In order to better think about modal shift or freight diversion, itis necessary to analyse the four main functions of the intermodaltransport chain; composition, connection, interchange anddecomposition. Composition is the assembly and consolidation of
freight at a terminal that offers an intermodal interface between
a local/regional distribution system and a national/international
distribution system; referred to as the “first mile”. The connection
function involves a consolidated modal flow, such as a freight train
or a container ship (or even fleets of trucks), between at least two
terminals, which takes place over national or international freight
distribution systems. The interchange function is the major intermodal
function taking place at terminals whose purpose is to
provide an efficient continuity within a transport chain. Those
terminals are dominantly within the realm of national or international
freight distribution systems, with ports (transhipment hubs)
being the most notable example. Finally, decomposition is the
fragmentation and transfer of a load of freight to the local/regional
freight distribution system once it has reached a terminal close to
its destination. It is referred as the “last mile” and often represents
one of the most difficult segments of distribution.
3.7. Case study: the TIGER project
TIGER (Transit via Innovative Gateway concepts solving European
e Intermodal Rail needs) is an FP7 funded project for the
development of rail transport in competitive and co-modal freight
and logistics chains. With the objective to alleviate European port
and road congestion, TIGER suggested to increase rail freight’s
market share and improve rail network productivity and developed
four demonstrators to find the right balance between geographical
location, existing infrastructure, local context, hinterland penetration
and sustainability. The first demonstrator, the Genoa Fast
Corridor (Fig. 8), is based on the concept of freight diversion in
a satellite terminal (Rivalta Terminal Europa), where containers
arriving both at Terminal S. Giorgio and Genoa Voltri are transferred
by shuttle trains, adopting random loading from ships to
speed up operations and using a secondary rail link from the port
and returning via the mainline, creating a “loop”. New ICT and
management systems have been introduced, as well as investments
in port infrastructure and signalling. Rivalta is linked to two main
TEN-T corridors and offers custom facilities for the Genoa Port.
The second demonstrator is the Mariplat “Y” (Fig. 9), that aims
to concentrate container traffic from two main Italian ports, Gioia
Tauro and Taranto, and consolidate them in longer and heavier
trains operated between Bari and Bologna Interporto freight village,
using the Adriatic Rail Line. In Bologna containers enter in the main
European freight corridors, avoiding the very congested Tyrrhenian
Line passing through the city of Naples, Rome and Florence.
The third demonstrator, the iPORT (Innovative Port & Hinterland
Operations) (Fig. 10) is based on the “web” concept and aims to
optimise the container flows from the ports of Hamburg and Bremerhaven
to the hinterland. In selecting an inland terminal location,
it evaluated two different approaches, “close-to-the-port” and
“close-to-the-market”, in terms of hinterland coverage and effi-
ciency. The first approach demonstrated a reduction of waiting time
of 92% and a relevant road decongestion, promoted strong IT support
and cooperative business models between different actors, as well as
in general supporting the development of a cluster model. The
second developed a good number of best practices, such as frequent
shuttle trains from/to German seaports, and IT tools like Blue Opti,
a train monitoring system with customer interfaces. Results showed
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
