Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Multinutrient juice
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for human beings. Human beings rely on endogenous (cutaneous) synthesis from solar ultraviolet B radiation and exogenous (dietary) sources to meet the biological requirements for vitamin D.1 The physiologically relevant marker for vitamin D status is serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D).2 When 25(OH)D status is adequate, calcium absorption is between 30% and 80% of intake3 compared with only 10% to 15% when 25(OH)D status is inadequate. Low 25(OH)D levels are associated with a diminished bone formation during the developmental years1 and failure to maintain bone health during adulthood.4 and 5 In an effort to sustain sufficient intakes of vitamin D within the United States and Canada, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) vitamin D requirements for children increased from 200 IU to 600 IU in 2010.6 In comparison, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children who do not obtain 400 IU/day vitamin D by diet be given a 400 IU vitamin D supplement daily.7
Many children may be at risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) suggested that millions of children aged 1 to 11 years had suboptimal 25(OH)D levels between 2000 and 2006.8 Likewise, studies reported inadequate vitamin E intake among many US children,9 and vitamin A intake of children aged 6 to 9 years was found to be less than adequate.10 Consumption of fortified juices by children may provide an acceptable way to deliver these fat-soluble vitamins to at-risk children. However, concerns have been raised that changing beverage consumption patterns are contributing to low nutrient intakes and an increased prevalence of childhood obesity.11 Although national data have not substantiated this relationship with 100% fruit juice,12 the American Academy of Pediatrics has nevertheless provided guidance on appropriate intake of juice for children aged 7 to 18 years to limit intake to two 6-oz servings per day.13
Few studies have examined the response of children to vitamin D fortification of foods.14 Vitamin D fortification was limited primarily to milk and cereals15 until 2005 when the Food and Drug Administration allowed for the addition of vitamin D to calcium fortified juices and juice drinks.16 The purpose of this study was to determine if drinking two 240-mL glasses per day of commercially available nutrient-fortified orange juice (calcium+vitamin D [CaD] and calcium+vitamins D, E, and A [CaDEA]) would enhance vitamin status in children ages 6 to 10 years, compared with children drinking orange juice fortified with calcium only. From previous experience, adults who ingested 1,000 IU vitamin D-3 per day, delivered as fortified orange juice, increased circulating concentration of 25(OH)D by 150%15; further, vitamin D was equally bioavailable in orange juice and capsules.17 We hypothesized that within 12 weeks, children drinking CaD and CaDEA would significantly increase their serum 25(OH)D levels and children drinking CaDEA would also significantly increase their α-tocopherol and retinol levels without gaining weight greater than expected with normal growth.
Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Multinutrient juice
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for human beings. Human beings rely on endogenous (cutaneous) synthesis from solar ultraviolet B radiation and exogenous (dietary) sources to meet the biological requirements for vitamin D.1 The physiologically relevant marker for vitamin D status is serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D).2 When 25(OH)D status is adequate, calcium absorption is between 30% and 80% of intake3 compared with only 10% to 15% when 25(OH)D status is inadequate. Low 25(OH)D levels are associated with a diminished bone formation during the developmental years1 and failure to maintain bone health during adulthood.4 and 5 In an effort to sustain sufficient intakes of vitamin D within the United States and Canada, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) vitamin D requirements for children increased from 200 IU to 600 IU in 2010.6 In comparison, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children who do not obtain 400 IU/day vitamin D by diet be given a 400 IU vitamin D supplement daily.7
Many children may be at risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) suggested that millions of children aged 1 to 11 years had suboptimal 25(OH)D levels between 2000 and 2006.8 Likewise, studies reported inadequate vitamin E intake among many US children,9 and vitamin A intake of children aged 6 to 9 years was found to be less than adequate.10 Consumption of fortified juices by children may provide an acceptable way to deliver these fat-soluble vitamins to at-risk children. However, concerns have been raised that changing beverage consumption patterns are contributing to low nutrient intakes and an increased prevalence of childhood obesity.11 Although national data have not substantiated this relationship with 100% fruit juice,12 the American Academy of Pediatrics has nevertheless provided guidance on appropriate intake of juice for children aged 7 to 18 years to limit intake to two 6-oz servings per day.13
Few studies have examined the response of children to vitamin D fortification of foods.14 Vitamin D fortification was limited primarily to milk and cereals15 until 2005 when the Food and Drug Administration allowed for the addition of vitamin D to calcium fortified juices and juice drinks.16 The purpose of this study was to determine if drinking two 240-mL glasses per day of commercially available nutrient-fortified orange juice (calcium+vitamin D [CaD] and calcium+vitamins D, E, and A [CaDEA]) would enhance vitamin status in children ages 6 to 10 years, compared with children drinking orange juice fortified with calcium only. From previous experience, adults who ingested 1,000 IU vitamin D-3 per day, delivered as fortified orange juice, increased circulating concentration of 25(OH)D by 150%15; further, vitamin D was equally bioavailable in orange juice and capsules.17 We hypothesized that within 12 weeks, children drinking CaD and CaDEA would significantly increase their serum 25(OH)D levels and children drinking CaDEA would also significantly increase their α-tocopherol and retinol levels without gaining weight greater than expected with normal growth.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
