In this final chapter, we discuss these crises and their origins. When appropriate, and when there is sufficient information, we also assess whether and how established misconduct comports with the 2000 -2010 findings. Then we also discuss whether the reforms suggested in prior chapters might have made a difference. It bears mentioning that some of these laboratories are experiencing fall-out from prior and ongoing scandals; others are in administrative limbo, with internal investigations continuing while decision makers strive to avoid answering questions or making tough decisions. These circumstances will be made clear, especially when they are related to past incidents of forensic fraud that were included in our 2000 -2010 study