In couples planning a pregnancy where only the male partner is infected, natural conception carries a risk of sexual transmission to the uninfected female. Counseling provided to such couples should include strategies to minimize HIV transmission. Options include adoption, sperm donation, and assisted reproduction techniques. While antiretroviral therapy can reduce viral load in the blood to undetectable levels, some reports have shown that men can still have a substantial viral concentration in semen in the presence of an undetectable plasma viral load.