hello language enables us
to express our thoughts ideas and
feelings to others
and also to understand this linguistics
is the scientific study of language
of this rich and varied human ability
it seeks to answer among others a number
of fundamental questions
for example what is the exact
nature alt language another question
what are the central branches of
linguistics
and furthermore how do linguists
collect data in order to support their
research
this election his introductory on the
one hand
but also wants to provide additional
information for students with some
linguistic background
let us start within overview of the time
language here is a relatively
old definition all the time language
languages the institution
whereby humans communicate and interact
with each other
by means of habitually used orel
auditory arbitrary symbols this
definition
contains a number of keywords allowing
us to approach the topic
in it be tactically suitable way so
let's do that
let's look at these keywords: more
closely here is keyword
number one languages confined
to humans well animals
certainly communicate with one another
however
all animal communication systems lack
the ability
to communicate about something beyond
the here
and now and they do not allow
noble messages to be produced or
understood
here is an excuse word
or should I say keywords communication
and interaction
well certainly animals communicate and
interact
yet the communication systems humans use
are certainly more complex then does
on animals keyword number three
language is habitually used well people
use language every day
usual usually with little
cognitive effort words and sentences
like
you know ok I'm on right a words and
phrases like these
usually flow out of the mouth in a
subconscious
almost automatic way or do you normally
think about
all these phrases or word similar to
these
before to ring them I'll probably not
keyword number four
language is used orel all the tourney
well the all only true channel that is
communication
via the mouth and the here is the most
important mold of human communication
it is referred to as speech
and finally language makes use
of arbitrary symbols where there is no
obvious relationship between
the linguistic sign on the one hand that
is the
word or its own shape and the object in
the real world
here we have the object able but look at
these realizations in four different
languages
there's no direct relationship between
the linguistic sign that is the word
and the object soul the sign has to be
learned
so much for additional language
let us know briefly repeat how linguists
study language
basically the feel of linguistics is
subdivided into three
central branches the branch that deals
with sound
a branch that deals with structure
and a branch that deals with meaning
let's start with the branch that deals
with sounds
it is subdivided into two central areas
phonetics and phonology and as you know
phonetics study human speech sounds in
general
from various angles for example we could
asked the question
do the sounds the first one sound
searches
like this and the second one is
something like
do the sounds exist or not how are these
sounds if the existing human languages
in
any human language how are they produced
how they perceived in how can we analyze
them acoustically
of course some of you may know that the
first one is in is a click
so-called lateral click as in ok %ah
and the second one is a the lower
he checked if as in ac %ah
well the second branch that be subsumed
under the heading of sound
for Knology deals with questions like
these
are these elements for example
pop all the sound system a particular
language can for example word searches
new pic be part of the English
vocabulary well
you all know they can't because this
continental combination
at the beginning of a word at the
beginning of a syllable is impossible in
English
whereas fresh the second item
could well be the word belonging to the
English language
a word that is supported by the sound
system of present-day
English let's look at the structural
branch
next with the two central sup branches
morphology
and syntax you know that in many
languages words are not
indivisible but are composed of smaller
units
morphology seeks to define how words up
built from the smaller
units for example we could ask a
question what are the component parts
of an item such as national lies ation
a question that is a typical one
that his research in the area of
morphology when its syntax
is of course the study of sentence
structure for many linguists this is the
core area of linguists
linguistics leading to the most
fundamental insights
about natural language for example you
could ask
is this famous sentence colorless green
ideas sleep furiously
grammatical or not
not answering this question in this the
lecture but this is a
legitimate question in syntax
well and then we have the branch dealing
with meaning
the study of meaning more specifically
the study of meaning
all words of sentences an even larger
elements
in what semantics for example in
interesting question is
what are the relationships between item
such as
wide and narrow between Chu deep
and flower or what is logically strange
about the sentence
Mary passed her exam because she didn't
work at all
think about it very strange sentence
sentencing mondex
will help out here and then we have
pragmatics
the branch of linguistics that studies
the use of language in its
its effects it is concerned with the
meanings that sentences have in
particular contexts
in which their a tent so what do you
think about the sentence
all this after instead be precise I'll
come to your party
is this a promise or a warning
well I leave that up to you
so linguistics
can be defined as the systematic study
of language
it is often defined as a science which
is objective
unbiased data or Ian teach
and repre- dutiful
put more simply linguists are
concerned with how language actually
does work
rather then with how we ought to work
and there are two approaches as to how
languages can be examined
one is referred to as the ins
introspective approach that is
data collection by means of
introspection
the other one concentrates on the
observation
all real facts it's the observational
approach
let us look at the introspective you
first
the introspective approach concentrates
on the study
of competence the main argument is that
language realized in
actual spoken or written form may be
flawed by
slips of the tongue by fault stops
by hesitations it involves incorrect
structures
and so on and so forth
for this reason
many linguists make use of a principle
which the
pay miss linguist reading on this for
sure called the
conventional simplification of data
so here we have simplified data he has
not got
anytime this is my book John so many
in the garden you don't really after
sentences like these but
you use them as a basis for research so
these are
idealized examples which are regularized
which are d contextualize which %uh
standardized
and which completely disregard
performance features
much linguistics is based on
introspection
especially the Chomsky in school of
Grandma
over here you have Noam Chomsky born in
and his school on generative grammar
uses
introspection that is invented sentences
and of
only a very small number of sentences as
the bases
of the development of the hypotheses and
eventually
phiri's well and then we have the
observation UL approach since the
establishment of linguistics
as a scientific discipline from County
know this for sure
onwards well you remember turning onto
susunod you know who I'm talking about
well he really is the Swiss linguist
bone in the middle of the 19th century
well since this issue first time to have
been linguists who develop models
of language based on observing
actual language use they recorded data
they inspected data
they use written data and so on and so
forth
and so they observed actual language
used what is often described as
Powell all in so Syrian times or
performance here are three examples
um he ain't got no time you know this is
me book
John you know us so marry in the garden
right
and they contain hesitations like
from they contain discourse elements
such as
you know alright they contain
strange dialect two features such as
this is me book versus this is my book
they contain false start such as its saw
and so on and so forth
following long period of structural
linguistics
dominated by introspective and intrusion
based approaches
more recently observation based
linguistics has become more popular
especially when Joseph greenberg
who you find over here so this is Jones
if
greenback
was born in 1915 and unfortunately died
in 2000 all one
when greenberg's school of language
typology
used the data of as many as possible
languages
to develop the series
of well the central approaches to watch
languages today
and this is due to the wealth of the
material
on the web from simple data
to data that is organized within
specific corpora
to date the observation approach
can be regarded as a general
reorientation in linguistics no serious
linguists
would work without hopeless data
these days well
I hope this
suffices as a repetition you should not
have a clear picture about
language and linguistics as well as how
linguists
deal with linguistic Baker thank you
very much for your patience