The overall mean effect size for learning achievement in this meta-analysis was 0.523, meaning that learning with mobiles is significantly more effective than traditional teaching methods that only use pen-and-paper or desktop computers. Compared to past comparisons of effects between using computers and not using computers in education, the effect
size of using mobile devices reported herein seems larger than those found in meta-analysis into desktop-computer-based instruction, such as in the studies of Kulik and Kulik (1991) and Tamim, Bernard, Borokhovski, Abrami, and Schmid (2011), who found mean effect sizes for computer-based instruction of 0.30 and 0.35, respectively. One of the reasons for the
different effect sizes may be differences in the features of desktops and mobile devices; however, there are alternative