To analyze student responses to open-ended questions included in the student survey and the questionnaire, the researchers used an ‘‘emergent’’ design, analyzing and categorizingresponsesastheymoveddownthelistofresponses to a particular question then consolidating even more as needed until they had a set of categories of responses. In assessing an open-ended question from a pre/post-perspective, a 0–3 point scoring rubric was used to assess responses, defining the 0 and 3 point scores and making a qualitative judgment if the response was neither 0 nor 3, but in between. A score of 0 was given if there was no response, a response not related to the question, or nonsensical response. A score
of 3 was given for responses that adequately addressed the core ideas of the question, including, but not limited to, definitions, reasons, and examples. If a response did not fit the 0 or 3 point score, a judgment was made as to whether it qualified as a 1 or 2 point score(taking in to account what and how much was missing from the response).