3.1.2. Card sorting task
In order to increase the validity and reliability of the researcher’s quantitative analysis of the maps, the second group of
participants was asked to carry out an open card-sorting task. Card sorting is a reliable method used for identifying patterns
in data. In an open card-sorting task, participants will come up with their own categories, while in a closed one the
researcher would ask them to allocate cards to pre-determined groups using labels previously created by the researcher.
In this study, the card-sorters categorized and grouped the cognitive maps of the first group of participants; their categorization
was later used by the researcher to interpret and identify themes. The task was undertaken in the presence of the
researcher so that they could explain the reason behind their categorization. Card sorters were informed about the need
for confidentiality before they started doing the task. All the maps were coded by the researcher beforehand so this group
of participants did not have any information about the map producers. One hundred maps were given to each card sorter
together with some sticky note papers and a pen. They were asked one by one in different sessions to categorize those maps
logically in as many groups as possible and then label them. After they finished sorting, they were asked to give each category
or group a name and explain their rationalization for choosing the name for that group. Then the card sorters were
asked to write the codes of the maps on each label. After the first round, card sorters were informed that they needed to
do it again but this time they should try to think of different groups. Four out of five card sorters sorted cards twice in order
to identify the most themes and groups as possible. Although there were other groups, but this study focuses solely on those
groups that are relevant to this paper’s aims. In some cases the rationale for defining a group was the same but the name was
different, therefore the researcher chose those themes that were defined at least twice between different card sorters and
finally 11 groups emerged. One of them was ‘Transportation maps’ (tube stations, bus routes or roads names).
3.1.2. Card sorting task
In order to increase the validity and reliability of the researcher’s quantitative analysis of the maps, the second group of
participants was asked to carry out an open card-sorting task. Card sorting is a reliable method used for identifying patterns
in data. In an open card-sorting task, participants will come up with their own categories, while in a closed one the
researcher would ask them to allocate cards to pre-determined groups using labels previously created by the researcher.
In this study, the card-sorters categorized and grouped the cognitive maps of the first group of participants; their categorization
was later used by the researcher to interpret and identify themes. The task was undertaken in the presence of the
researcher so that they could explain the reason behind their categorization. Card sorters were informed about the need
for confidentiality before they started doing the task. All the maps were coded by the researcher beforehand so this group
of participants did not have any information about the map producers. One hundred maps were given to each card sorter
together with some sticky note papers and a pen. They were asked one by one in different sessions to categorize those maps
logically in as many groups as possible and then label them. After they finished sorting, they were asked to give each category
or group a name and explain their rationalization for choosing the name for that group. Then the card sorters were
asked to write the codes of the maps on each label. After the first round, card sorters were informed that they needed to
do it again but this time they should try to think of different groups. Four out of five card sorters sorted cards twice in order
to identify the most themes and groups as possible. Although there were other groups, but this study focuses solely on those
groups that are relevant to this paper’s aims. In some cases the rationale for defining a group was the same but the name was
different, therefore the researcher chose those themes that were defined at least twice between different card sorters and
finally 11 groups emerged. One of them was ‘Transportation maps’ (tube stations, bus routes or roads names).
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