Early successional stands were often the richest for lichens, stumps being important for Calicium and Cladonia species. Three strategies are suggested for enhancing lower plant diversity in planted forests: (1) extending felling rotations; (2) introducing alternative silvicultural systems to clear-felling (e.g. single-tree selection) to foster continuity of woodland conditions and increase deadwood volumes; (3) modifying restocking practices on clear-fells to avoid excessive shading of deadwood.