Method
Participants (inclusion criteria)
• 3 middle school students with ID
• IQ range b/w 53-63
• Verbal
• Write numbers with basic calculator skills
• All Students Qualified for State Alternate Assessment
Setting
• Rural Public School b/w 7:45 AM and 8:45 AM
• Data collection averaged 15 minutes/day
Dependent Measure
• The number of independent steps to solve for Y
• Independent Variable
• Concrete representation (flip number cards)
• Semi-concrete representation (graphic organizer)
IV Procedures
• Teaching phase
• Students were given laminated equations (e.g., 5 + Y = 12)
• System of least to most prompts (indirect verbal;
direct verbal; model; physical) were introduced with a
3-second delay